【正文】 hat usually precedes the predicate. * The part of a sentence which prises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p____.* A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.* In the plex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.* Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.* A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.* P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.* The theory of C_____condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.* A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical* A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particleC. preposition D. subordinator * Phrase structure rules have ____ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional* Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above. * Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________. A. transformational rulesB. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. xbar theory* The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. * The sentence structure is ________. A. only linearB. Only hierarchical C. plexD. both linear and hierarchical* The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. smallC. finite D. infinite * The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen173。Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. * is a tone language while Chinese is not. * linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. Exercises * everyday munication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. * articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. Exercises * 11. * 12. * 13. * sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. Exercises * is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.* 17. * two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. * features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. Exercises * II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: * ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. * four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in mon, , they are all b_______ sounds. * consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation. * rules that govern the bination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules. * pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. * articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity. * sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. * sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative * 41. A. back B. central C. front D. middle * 43. A(n) ___is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme amples for illustration if necessary: * 57.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels? * 59.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. * 61. neither is subordinate to the other. In other words, each clause is separable from the other and stand as a structurally independent S.A plex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. , the two clauses in a plex sentence have unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause(子句), and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix sentence(主句). told Jane [that John liked linguistics]. saw [John reading a linguistics book].6.[For John to like linguistics] quite puzzled Mary. didn’t like linguistics [until he gave her a lecture]. lost the book [that he bought her].The characteristics of plex sentences:I. an embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause. Therefore, the rel