【正文】 behavior can never be fully accurate – How many of you believe you have free will? Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 5 Major Philosophical Issues ? The mindbrain problem: How is experience related to the an system called the brain? – Thoughts versus Brain activity ? Dualism is the belief that the mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and through it also the rest of the body ? Monism is the view that conscious experience is generated by and therefore is inseparable from the brain Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 6 Major Philosophical Issues ? The mindbrain problem – Data from brain imaging research such as PET (positron emission tomography) suggests that brain activity and mental activity are two aspects of the same thing – Yet the question is far from resolved Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 7 Major Philosophical Issues ? The naturenurture issue – How do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment? – Some scientists assume the larger proportion of differences in potential and behavior are due to the influence of genes – Others assume that most differences are a result of aspects of the environment such as culture, expectations, and resources – This issue arises in virtually every field of psychology, and knowledge gained through research seldom provides a simple answer Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 8 What Psychologists Do ? Psychology is an academic, nonmedical discipline that includes many branches and specialties – The educational requirements can vary, but generally involve study beyond the bachelor’s degree – A master’s degree, or a ./. (doctor of psychology) are mon terminal degrees in the discipline Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 9 Figure More than onethird of psychologists work in academic settings. The remainder find positions in a variety of settings (based on the data of Chamberlain, 2022). Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 10 What Psychologists Do ? There are many specialties in the broad science of psychology. Psychologists practice within their chosen specialty in 3 main areas: – Teaching and research – Service providers to individuals – Service providers to anizations Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 11 What Psychologists Do ? Teaching and research – Most teaching psychologists work in colleges and universities – Most psychologists who teach also engage in research and writing – Some psychologists are employed in fulltime research positions Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 12 What Psychologists Do ? Major categories of psychological research: Biological psychology or neuroscience – A biopsychologist tries to explain behavior in terms of biological factors, such as anatomy, electrical and chemical activities in the nervous system, and the effects of drugs, hormones, geics and evolutionary pressures – Sample question: How do drug abuse, brain damage, and exposures to environmental toxins change nervous system functioning (and by extension, behavior)? Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 13 ? Major categories of psychological research: Evolutionary psychology – An evolutionary psychologist tries to explain behavior in terms of natural selection pressures promoting behaviors that lead to success in reproduction and survival. – Sample questions: What forces led to selection for human language abilities? What specific advantages in survival over other animals did language give early humans in the ancestral environment? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 14 ? Major categories of psychological research: Learning and motivation – A psychologist who studies and does research in this area is interested in how behavior depends on outes of past behaviors and on current motivations – Sample question: Do frequent or consistent rewards for desired behaviors produce better learning than less frequent or less predictable rewards? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 15 ? Major categories of psychological research: Cognitive psychology – A cognitive psychologist studies the processes of thinking and acquiring knowledge. – Sample question: What do “experts” in a field know or do that sets them apart from other people? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 16 ? Major categories of psychological research: Developmental psychology – A developmental psychologist studies the behavioral capacities typical of different ages and how behavior changes with age. – Sample questions: What do people do or know as adults that they do not know as children? Why did this change occur? Was the change due to biological changes, increased experience, or a bination of these? What Psychologists Do Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 1: What is Psychology? 17 ? Major categories of psychological research: Social psychology – A social psychologist studies how an individual influences and is influenced by other people – Sample question: To what degree do the de