如何進(jìn)行暴發(fā)調(diào)查中英-文庫(kù)吧資料
2025-05-23 01:04本頁(yè)面
【正文】 Dorm 廚房 Kitchen 井 A Well A 辦公室Office 溝渠 Ditch 水槽Tank 廁所Lavatory 河流 River 溝渠 Ditch 教室 Classroom 水管 Water pipeline 污 水 溝 Sewage Drain 一些暴露和反應(yīng)可能導(dǎo)致并影響暴發(fā) Several exposures and responses may have caused and modified the outbreak. 停止供 應(yīng)開(kāi) 水 stop supplying boiled water 大 規(guī) 模使用抗生素及 發(fā)燒篩查 mass antibiotic amp。 C) 100 69 Dry throat 咽干 55 Headache 頭痛 54 Nonproductive cough 干咳 21 Sore throat 咽喉痛 13 Stomach ache 胃痛 10 Diarrhea 腹瀉 9 通過(guò)血樣和便樣培養(yǎng)找到病因 Agent Identified in Blood and Stool Cultures Specimen 樣本 Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A (+) % Blood 血 Stool 便 定義、計(jì)數(shù)和采訪病例 Define, count, and interview cases. 準(zhǔn)備現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作 Prepare for field work 證實(shí)暴發(fā)存在 Establish existence of an outbreak Time Verify the diagnosis 驗(yàn)證診斷 確定人、地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間特征 Characterize person, place and time Develop a hypothesis 提出假設(shè) Develop analytic study to test hypothesis 通過(guò)分析研究驗(yàn)證假說(shuō) Reconsider, refine, retest hypothesis 再推敲，修正和再檢驗(yàn)假說(shuō) 實(shí)施控制措施 Implement Control 將調(diào)查結(jié)果進(jìn)行交流 Communicate Findings Define, find, and interview cases 定義，搜索，訪談病例 病例定義可有不同程度的確定性 The case definition may have levels of certainty. 疑似病例 Suspect 可能病例 Possible 臨床病例 Probable 確診病例 Confirmed 在做調(diào)查的過(guò)程中不斷修正病例定義 As you proceed you modify the case definition 疑似病例 Suspect 臨床病例 Probable 確診病例 Confirmed 副傷寒的病例定義很簡(jiǎn)單 The paratyphoid case definition was simple 發(fā)燒 (≥ 176。 C) 發(fā)燒 ≥176。如何進(jìn)行暴發(fā)調(diào)查 How to Investigate an Outbreak Robert E. Fontaine, MD MSc US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisor to Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program 什么是暴發(fā)或流行？ What is an outbreak or epidemic? ? Epidemic 流行性 ? Outbreak 暴發(fā) ? Cluster 聚集性 暴發(fā)和流行病可以突然發(fā)生 Outbreaks and epidemics may happen suddenly 010203040501 9 17 25 33 41有些暴發(fā)和流行病則是緩慢發(fā)展的 Others may develop slowly 010203040501 9 17 25 33 41有些暴發(fā)可能在高本底水平上發(fā)生 Others may happen on a high background level 010203040501 9 17 25 33 41我們?nèi)绾伟l(fā)現(xiàn)暴發(fā)和流行病？ How do we learn about outbreaks and epidemics? 通過(guò)定期回顧監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù) By regular review of surveillance 通過(guò)區(qū)縣公共衛(wèi)生人員的報(bào)告 By reports from county and district public health workers 通過(guò)和臨床人員的討論 From discussions with clinical professionals 通過(guò)新聞媒介 From the news media 直接從公眾獲取 Directly from the public 從私人商務(wù)和政府機(jī)構(gòu)獲取 From private business and government agencies. 1 為什么要對(duì)暴發(fā)和流行病進(jìn)行調(diào)查？ Why initiate an investigation? 確定問(wèn)題的特征 Characterize the problem 為控制和預(yù)防措施提供合理依據(jù) Rational basis for control and prevention 科研 回答科學(xué)問(wèn)題 Researchanswer scientific questions 保持流行病學(xué)家的業(yè)務(wù)熟練性 Maintain proficiency of epidemiologists 出于政治 /法律考慮 Political / legal concerns 出于規(guī)劃的考慮 Program considerations 1 為什么要啟動(dòng)調(diào)查？ Why initiate an investigation? 來(lái)源和傳播方式不清 Uncertainty of cause or mode of transmission 可能涉及食物，水，藥物，疫苗或其他產(chǎn)品 Possible involvement of food, water, drug, vaccine, or other product 對(duì)公眾的巨大威脅 Explosive threat to the general public 較高的發(fā)病及死亡 Significant morbidity and mortality 對(duì)工作、學(xué)校及公共服務(wù)造成影響 Interfere with work, school, public services 1 已知 未知 已知 調(diào)查 + 控制 +++ 調(diào)查 +++ 控制 + 未知 調(diào)查 +++ 控制 +++ 調(diào)查 +++ 控制 + 來(lái)源 /途徑 病因 值得花時(shí)間和精力調(diào)查嗎？ ?保護(hù)公眾免于持續(xù)存在或反復(fù)發(fā)生問(wèn)題的侵害 Protect the public from continuing or recurrent problem ?維持流行病學(xué)家工作的有效性 Maintain proficiency of epidemiologists ?出于控制規(guī)劃的考慮 Program considerations ?出于政治 /法律考慮 Political / legal concerns ?調(diào)查成本和難易 Ease and cost of the investigation ?可能會(huì)采取的控制決策 Potential for decisive control ?回答重要的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題 Answer important public health questions 為什么要啟動(dòng)調(diào)查？ Why initiate an investigation？ 只有一個(gè)傳播模式 ——調(diào)
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