【正文】 ers avoid language that implies unsubstantiated or irrelevant generalizations about such personal qualities as age, economic class, ethnicity, sexual orientation, political or religious beliefs, race, or sex. Discussions about this subject have generally focused on wording that could be labeled sexist. For example, many writers no longer use he, him, or his to express a meaning that includes women or girls: “ If a young artist is not confident, he can quickly bee discouraged.” The use of she, her, and hers to refer to a person who may be of either sex can also be distracting and momentarily confusing. Both usages can often be avoided through a revision that recasts the sentence into the plural or that eliminates the pronoun:”If young artist are not confident can quickly bee discouraged.”Another technique is to make the discussion refer to a person who is identified, so that there is a reason to use a specific singular pronoun. They, them, their, and theirs cannot logically be applied to a single person, and he or she and her or him are cumbersome alternatives to be used sparingly. Many authors now also avoid terms that unnecessarily integrate a person’s sex with a job or role. For instance, anchorman, policeman, stewardess, and poetess are monly replaced with anchor, police officer, flight attendant, and poet. For advice on current practices, consult your instructor or one of the guides to nonsexist language listed in . 。 The Times Atlas of the World covers regions and nations of the entire world. Gazetteers. Gazetteers provide geographic information. Examples are The Columbia Gazetteer of the World and Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary. Statistical data sources. Collections of statistics are often published by governmental agencies. Such works include the following annual publications: Statistical Abstract of the United States, issued by the United States Bureau of the Census, and Statistical Yearbook and Demographic Yearbook, both published by the United Nations. Inter Sources Even those who are familiar with the World Wide Web find that using it to do research requires practice and training the way using a library does. Therefore, whenever possible, follow the guidance of an instructor or a librarian in selecting Inter sites for research. Your library may provide access to important online sources that were likely selected after careful evaluation and consultation. Some of these sources may be available only through library subscription. A librarian might also be able to advise you about other useful sites. Similarly, many instructors are knowledgeable about Inter resources in their fields. An instructor might direct you t specific sites or to a “metapage” or “gateway” that provides links to other sites. Whenever you discover what seems a useful document or site, be sure to add it to your bookmark list. In so doing, you can easily return to the source for further information or clarification. If you cannot use a bookmarkperhaps because you share a puterkeep a precise record of the work address, or uniform resource locator (URL). In any event, you may want to keep a log of all sites you visit, whether or not you initially bookmark them, since a site you originally passed over may seem more useful later. In addition, always make note of the date or dates on which you consult a source. The date of access is important because the material could be revised between different visits to the site. The URL and the date of access are items of information you will need for your working bibliography and your list of works cited. Whereas most instructors permit and many encourage using Inter sources, few consider a search of the World Wide Web alone adequate research for a paper。 and often permits access to other electronic resources, including the full texts of sources, available at the school or over the Inter. A central information system might also be part of a work linking the catalogs of a number of libraries. For instance, the system in your school might permit you to search the holdings of local public libraries or of other schools. If your library is part of a work such as the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) or the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), you may be able to locate sources recorded in the catalogs of thousands of other libraries. You can often use the central information system even if you are not physically in the library. There may be connections with the library at various locations on the campus. With a personal puter and a modem, you might also be able to access information in the system from locations on and off the campus. Reference Works Indexes. Indexes guide you to material in newspapers, magazines, and journals as well as to writings in book collections. The New York Times Index lists ne