【正文】 rthy of your attention and further study: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 10 2. The Nature of Translating ―What is truth。以文應質(zhì)，則疑者眾，以質(zhì)應文，則悅者寡。 慧遠 。 ‖. He then had to change his view to ―因循本旨，不加文蝕 ‖. In this dispute, the latter won in terms of theory, yet the former won in the actual practice Development: from the Eastern Jin to the Sui Dynasty a. Why developed? The ruling class advocated the translation. The peasants were not powerful enough to overthrow the ruling and exploiting classes, and had to control their fury, desperation and pinned their hope on some almighty Buddha. Buddhism was much more widely spread by three great Buddhist monks 佛圖橙，釋道安 and 鳩摩羅什 (Kumara Jiva). b. Translators: 道安 。 ‖ But his English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 5 criticism of 竺將炎 that ―其辭不雅 ‖ was disagreed by those who advocated literal translation (質(zhì)派 ) quoting ―美言不信，信言不美；書不盡言，言不盡意；佛言，依其義不用飾，取其義不以嚴（妝飾）。 Greek classics became scholars‘ focus again. 1416: Translation center of Toledo in Spain。心悅君兮，君不知。少康即位三年，方夷來賓。外臣部 and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth. Now the word ―Babel‖ is usually used as an equivalent of translation. For instance: (1) The Journal of FIT: Babel (2) Gee Steiner: After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (3) 馬祖毅： ―洪荒造塔語言殊，從此人間要象胥。 and this is only the beginning of what they will do。 Animals and man b. Adam and Eve (First sin and its punishment) One day, the Lord formed a man, Adam, from the dust of the ground, and put him in the garden of Eden to till it and keep it. He also took one of Adam‘s ribs, in his deep sleep and made it into a woman, Eve. Adam and Eve were tempted by the serpent to eat the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Knowing this, the Lord drove them out of the garden to till the ground. c. Second sin and its punishment Later, Eve gave birth to Cain, a tiller of the ground, and Abel, a keeper of sheep. The Lord had regard for (prefer) Abel and his offering. Cain was so angry that he killed Abel. The Lord punished English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 3 him and he became a fugitive and a wanderer on the earth. d. Adam‘s descendants to Noah With more and more people came into the world, the wickedness of humankind was great in the earth as well. So the Lord said, ―I will blot out from the earth the human beings I have created —people together with animals and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them.‖ But Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord. e. The great flood and Noah‘s Ark Jehovah came to Noah and told him to build a ship. The vessel was to be four hundred and fifty feet wide and it was to have a depth of fortythree feet. Then Noah and his household, his three sons and their wives, made ready for the voyage. They went into the fields and into the mountains and gathered all the animals they could find that they might have beasts for food and for sacrifices when they should return to dry land. On the evening of the seventh day, Noah and his family went on board. Late that nigh, it began to rain. It rained for 40 nights and 40days. However, Jehovah had mercy, and the sun appeared again. After about 200 days, the Ark landed on top of Mount Ararat in the country, which is now called Armenia. f. The Tower of Babel Noah‘s descendants formed many nations. And from these, the nations spread abroad on the earth after the flood. Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. And as they migrated from the east, they came upon a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, ―Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly.‖ And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, ―Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heaven, and let us make a name for ourselves。 Luminaries (sun and moon)。 Firmament /sky (dome full of air)。 《中國翻譯詞典》：178。 c. to help students to learn how do translation work (see Zhang Peiji《英漢翻譯教程》： 326。English and Chinese Translation: An Introduction 1 Introduction to Translation Course I. Differences between Translation Exercise and Translation Course Translation Exercise Translation Course Concept a. an ability of language, or a teaching device (listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating) b. a means to learn a FL An independent course to study translation closely related to linguistics, semantics, stylistics, contrastive linguistics, etc. Origin An old method originating from the Grammar Translation Method (Aristotle‘s view of language: the clothing of thought) A new course appearing with the development of FL teaching and research, cultural studies, parative literature Aim To help students to acquire/enrich the knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, patterns and expressions of the TL a. to introduce some basic theories and concepts, methods。 b. to explore some internal rules through practice。 Molei《中國翻譯教學研究》： 1134。 Zhang Meifang《中國英漢翻譯教材研究（ 1949— 1998）》 ) II. Course Description This twoterm course provides an introduction to the basic theories, skills of translation. Major problems in or related to translation practice are identified and discussed with reference to different conceptual frameworks which have been proposed in (inter)national circle of translation studies. You attend lectures, read reference books and work in groups to explore/discuss various methods and skills of translation. You are encouraged to develop an awareness of different perspectives of translation