【正文】 s college 39。ll make the mortgage or pay their doctors39。t do this just to win an I know you didn39。t start with much money or many campaign was not hatched in the halls of began in the backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms of Concord and the front porches of was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give $5 and $10 and $20 to the grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation39。s been a partner with me every step of the the best campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics you made this happen, and I am forever grateful for what you39。s watching, along with the family that made me who I miss them know that my debt to them is beyond my sister Maya, my sister Alma, all my other brothers and sisters, thank you so much for all the support that you39。s ing with us to the new White while she39。s promise in the months want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart, and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on the train home to Delaware, the vice presidentelect of the United States, Joe I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last 16 years the rock of our family, the love of my life, the nation39。I congratulate for all that they39。s been a long time ing, but tonight, because of what we did on this date in this election at this defining moment change has e to little bit earlier this evening, I received an extraordinarily gracious call from fought long and hard in this he39。s the answer that led those who39。s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different, that their voices could be that 39?？夏岬蠟榱诉_到這樣的效果, 多處使 用對照這一修辭方法。大量的重復(fù)肯尼迪為了使自己的演講更加深入人心, 更能激發(fā)人民的 斗志, 他多次采用重復(fù)的修辭手法, 來強化自己的觀點, 如: 1)to our sister republics south of our bo rder, w e offer a special p ledge: to convert our g ood wo rds into g ood deeds, in new alliance fo r p rogress, to assist freeman and free governments in cast ing off the chains of )bring the absolu te pow er to dest roy o ther nat ions under the absolu te cont ro l of all nat )The energy, the devo t ion w h ich w e bring to the — 105 —科技信息人文社科endeavo r w ill lig h t our count ry and all w ho serve it, and the glow from that fire can t ruly lig h t the wo )?and unw illing to w itness o r perm it the slow undo ing of these human righ ts to w h ich th is nat ion has alw ays been m itted , and to w h ich w e are m itted today at home and around the wo rld 5)Fo r man ho lds in h is mo rtal hands the pow er to abo lish all f orm sof human poverty and all f orm s of human )A nd yet the same revo lut ionary belief fo r w h ich our fo rbears fough t is st ill at issue around the globe, the belief that the righ ts of man e no t from the genero sity of the state nut from the hand of 、鮮明的對照 對照是故意把相反的字詞、短語或從句等平行或平衡地排列起來, 以便表述相反或相對的概念的修辭方法。將deep and w idesp read susp icion 比作a“jungle”其含義是: 如果初次的合 作能夠減少彼此之間深深的疑慮的話, 那我們就開始合作吧, ?。例四, 在談 到和社會主義國家合作時, 他說: A nd, if a beachhead of cooperat ion may push back the jungle of susp icion, ?。例三, 在談到幫助聯(lián)合國擴大其影響和行 使其權(quán)利, 不要讓聯(lián)合國成為各國相互謾罵的場所的時候, 他說 道: ?to p revent it from be ingmerely a fo rum fo r invect ive, to st rengthen its sh ield of the new and the w eak, and to enlarge the area in w h ich its w rit may , 一是把 the p lace w here discussions are conducted by the members of the U nited N at ions 比作a fo rum fo r invect ive(各國謾罵的場 所)。例二, 肯尼迪 在對南美洲國家以老大哥的口吻說要特別作出保證時用了兩個 隱語, 一個是But th is peaceful revo lut ion of hope canno t bee the p rey of ho st ile pow nd let every o ther pow er know that th is hem isphere intends to remain the master of its ow n is peaceful revo lut ion of hope(充滿希 望的和平革命)比作了the p rey of ho st ile pow ers(敵對國家的獵 物), 但美國決不會讓它成為現(xiàn)實, 決不會讓任何敵對國家顛覆 能給我們?nèi)魏螄規(guī)磉M步希望的和平革命。騎虎者終為虎噬”, 意指謀求社會主義國家的幫助最終將被社會 主義國家所吞噬。隱語的運用肯尼迪在這篇演說詞中運用了很多隱語, 隱語在其中起到了形象生動和畫龍點睛的效果?？?尼迪在談到維護自由, 使其長存不滅時說道: ?.w e shall pay any p rice, bear any burden, meet any hardsh ip , suppo rt any friend, oppo se any foe, to assure the survival and the success of , 使語言 更加簡練, 結(jié)構(gòu)平衡勻稱, 聲音鏗鏘有力, 觀點鮮明突出, 很有號 召力。他不僅大量使用修辭, 而且在語言結(jié)構(gòu)和語言風(fēng)格方面 借用圣經(jīng)的語言風(fēng)格和引用圣經(jīng)里的詞語，平行結(jié)構(gòu)大量的平行結(jié)構(gòu), 愛憎分明的激情詞語, 是這篇演說詞最具特色的地方。[關(guān)鍵詞]語言特征 修辭 語言風(fēng)格 語言結(jié)構(gòu)引言為了非常有力地表達其觀點和決定以及向他的敵人提出建 議, 肯尼迪用了大量變化多樣的修辭格句子類型。從象似性 角度看，該演說因同時運用距離象似性原則、數(shù)量象似性原則、對稱象似性原則及標(biāo)記象似性原則，而取得了良好的文體效 果，有效地實現(xiàn)其勸說和激勵民眾的目的?？夏岬蠌目紤]就職演說時就希望，希望用詞可以激起 和平的希望，確定一個新時代的樂觀基調(diào)。三、結(jié)語政治家們很大程度上依賴語言勸說民眾接受他們的政治 主張和改革措施。And God said，let there be light；and there was light． And God saw the light，that itwas good；and God divided the light from the darkness．And let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth and it was so． 對于熟悉《圣經(jīng)》的大多數(shù)美國民眾而言，演說中“l(fā)et”句 型的多次出現(xiàn)有強烈的暗示。這樣一來，“l(fā)et”句型就有一種號召的口 吻，us 也指我們以外的某人或某些人。但這樣的口氣 太婉轉(zhuǎn)了一些而與演說的格調(diào)不相稱。區(qū)別于口語表達Let me do it / Let’s sing the song together，演 說中的表達含有一種號召、命令的口吻，恰當(dāng)?shù)貍鬟_出美國人 的決心。該演說沿襲古希臘、羅馬的修辭、文風(fēng)，精心選用圣經(jīng)語言 句式，注意音韻效果，其風(fēng)格嚴(yán)肅而莊重?！保ㄍ跻?001：369）一般說來，主語放在 句子開頭是無標(biāo)記形式，句子使用主語是無標(biāo)記形式；相反，倒 裝句和祈使句是有標(biāo)記形式。（四）標(biāo)記象似性順序象似性指語言形式的順序與時間順序具有一致性，并 且與文化觀念密切相關(guān)。這樣的并列結(jié)構(gòu)對幫助美國樹立正 面形象，贏得更多的支持起到了積極的作用。同時，這些結(jié)構(gòu)的并置也起到了一種對照的作用，極為清 晰地傳達出了美國對外政策的不同，起到了敦促各國保持或?qū)?求與美國建立良好關(guān)系的作用。該演說中肯尼迪用了六個以“To．．．”開頭的并列結(jié)構(gòu)來表 達美國對不同程度的盟友，對聯(lián)合國，對敵方陣營的不同態(tài)度。（趙艷芳，2001：161）人具有追求 對稱的欲望，而這種欲望源于人體自身所具有的基本對稱性。Let every nation know，whether it wishes us well or ill，that we shall pay any price，bear any burden，meet any hardship，support any friend，oppose any foe，in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty．句法形式的多樣化既使得演說張弛有度，時刻吸引民眾的 注意力，又使得演說向心力極強，隨時激發(fā)民眾共鳴。 湖北函授大學(xué)學(xué)報Journal of HUBEI Correspondence University 第23 卷第5 期 2010 年10 月 153 新一代美國人的經(jīng)歷和特點足以確保他們完成父輩傳下的光 榮使命，也清楚地向全世界表達出美國捍衛(wèi)人權(quán)的決心?？偨y(tǒng) 在表達決心，發(fā)出號召的時候偏向于結(jié)構(gòu)上復(fù)雜，語義上也復(fù) 雜的句子。新任總統(tǒng)要通過就職演說有限的篇 幅，清晰、恰當(dāng)?shù)貍鬟_出盡可能多的信息，以激發(fā)民眾情感共 鳴，贏得信任和支持。當(dāng)我們看到容器很大的時候，我們通常認(rèn)為它們的內(nèi)容 也很多。語言表達式是容器，它們的意義是容器 的內(nèi)容。（二）數(shù)量象似性