【正文】 Rahul Sarpeshkar, an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has asolution to both these a paper published on June 12th in Public Library ofScience, Dr Sarpeshkar and his colleagues describe building a glucose fuel cell which uses aplatinum。同樣使人擔(dān)憂(yōu)的是酶，這種物質(zhì)隨著時(shí)間的推移會(huì)被分解。這里有個(gè)欠缺點(diǎn)：被稱(chēng)做生物污垢的過(guò)程，即被移植進(jìn)人體的外來(lái)物會(huì)嵌入蛋白質(zhì)和組織中。放入了一個(gè)一便士大小的能量池，這些甲蟲(chóng)在2周實(shí)驗(yàn)期內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了20微瓦?，F(xiàn)在，在一個(gè)葡萄糖分子中的24個(gè)可用電子中只有2個(gè)可以利用，但是對(duì)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的后續(xù)完善應(yīng)該會(huì)使得可以利用的電子數(shù)量有所增加。One approach, which has been employed by Sameer Singhal, a researcher at the CFDResearch Corporation in Alabama, involves the same enzymes that break down glucosewithin a living carbon nanotubes, he and his colleagues immobilised two differentenzymes on the electrodes of a fuel cell, where they generated electricity by freeingelectrons from present, only two of the 24 available electrons in a single glucosemolecule can be harnessed, but refinements to the technology should boost that Research Corporation的研究人員Sameer Singhal所使用的方法涉及利用酶將活細(xì)胞中的葡萄糖分解。葡萄糖由人體的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)被源源不斷的輸送到人體各處。Power in the blood血液中的能量。另外射頻很常見(jiàn)，但是也不是處處可見(jiàn)。例如，處于昏迷的患者產(chǎn)生的人體動(dòng)能很少。一個(gè)適當(dāng)調(diào)諧裝置能夠捕獲北京射頻能量并且將其轉(zhuǎn)換成少量可用能源。比如，很久以前人體動(dòng)能就用來(lái)為手表提供能量，這種動(dòng)能也足夠維持起搏器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)?，F(xiàn)在，幾個(gè)研究人員正在接近一個(gè)能夠提供這樣能源的方法，使用葡可銳教育官網(wǎng)萄糖，即為人體所有細(xì)胞提供主要能源的一種糖。這么長(zhǎng)的使用時(shí)間顯得綽綽有余：醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展的速度意味著等到設(shè)備的電量用光就到了用一個(gè)更先進(jìn)的型號(hào)來(lái)替換整個(gè)設(shè)備的時(shí)候。Today, nonrechargeable lithiumbased batteries are in many cardiologicaland neurological implants, they provide between seven and ten years of is morethan enough: the speed of medical progress is such that by the time the battery has run downit is generally time to replace the whole device with a newer model in any ，不可充電的鋰電池較為普遍。嘗試了各種化學(xué)電池以及感應(yīng)充電計(jì)劃，甚至是將放射衰變的熱能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的钚電源單元格。Researchers are trying to harness glucosethe body s own fuelto power implantablegadgets such as LIKE any other electrical device, a pacemaker needs a power the firstpermanent pacemaker was installed in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have tinkered with many different ways of supplying electricity to their of chemical batteries have been tried, as well as inductive recharging schemes andeven plutonium power cells that convert the heat from radioactive decay into pacemakers still turn up from time to time in mortuaries and hospitals,and a failure to dispose of them properly keeps America s Nuclear Regulatory Commissionbusy handing out citations to unsuspecting ，一個(gè)起搏器同樣需要能源。但埃利斯博士的結(jié)果打下了一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)，或許可以在此之上為乳腺癌——甚至其他種類(lèi)的癌癥——的治療建立有效的預(yù)測(cè)方法。這意味著，在擁有合適裝備的病理實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，人們可以很容易地找出腫瘤基因突變的補(bǔ)體。This sort of information has obvious implications for the cheapness ofmodern genesequencing methods, particularly those that are looking for specific mutationssuspected in advance, means that a tumour s mutational plement can be worked outeasily in an appropriately equipped pathology the case of oestrogenreceptorpositive breast cancer, the genetic analysis has not yet gone so far as to be able to say withcertainty which drug will produce the best result for a given individual, but Dr Ellis s resultlays a foundation on which such an edifice might be built for breast cancer and perhaps forother types of tumour, 。By bining their newly acquired genetic data with clinical data from the participants, DrEllis and his colleagues showed that those whose tumours carried mutations in p53 were less likely to have responded to letrozole than women whose tumours hadnormal , those whose tumours had changes in either MAP3K1 or MAP2K4 had better than average responses to the ，埃利斯博士等人證明了，來(lái)曲唑?qū)δ[瘤中有p53基因突變的病人的療效不如對(duì)腫瘤中p53基因正常的病人那樣顯著。但也有些令人吃驚的其他結(jié)果。這中間包括p53，這種基因在正常工作時(shí)通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)DNA對(duì)的修復(fù)、細(xì)胞分裂和細(xì)胞自殺來(lái)抑制癌癥。埃利斯博士希望找出其原因。該試驗(yàn)有兩種，每個(gè)病人都接受其中的可銳教育官網(wǎng)一種。此后，為找出癌細(xì)胞中哪些基因發(fā)生了突變，他們比較了每個(gè)病人的健康和癌變基因組。Dr Ellis and his team sequenced the whole genomes of both cancerous and normal tissuefrom 46 women with tumours of a type called oestrogenreceptorpositive breast also sequenced just the genecontaining regions of the genomeabout 1% of totalDNAfrom an additional 31 women, and parts of the sequences of 240 thenpared the healthy and tumorous genomes of each patient, in order to discover whichgenes had mutated in the 。而這正是在圣路易斯市的華盛頓大學(xué)工作的馬修?埃利斯及其同事們?yōu)轭净既橄侔┑膵D女們所作的工作。但光憑這些數(shù)據(jù)本身無(wú)法幫助患者。第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選可銳教育官網(wǎng)2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選（五）Gene therapy基因療法Genetic mutations predict which cancers willrespond to treatment基因突變將預(yù)測(cè)某種治療會(huì)對(duì)哪些癌癥起作用THE International Cancer Genome Consortium, analliance of laboratories that is trying to produce adefinitive list of the genetic mutations that causecancer, is accumulating data at an astonishing 3,000 individual breast tumours,for example, have now had their genotypes these data will not, bythemselves, help that, they have to be collected in the context of a drug this is just what Matthew Ellis and his colleagues at Washington University in St Louishave done for women suffering from breast methods, if they prove to work forother cancers too, may revolutionise ，它積累數(shù)據(jù)的速度讓人吃驚。Express Scripts is advising the health plans it works for to reject Pfizer s deals for 。Medco argues that Pfizer s scheme will save money for all parties, and ensure a steadysupply of the ，輝瑞的項(xiàng)目是為各方省錢(qián)，并保證穩(wěn)定供貨。Pfizer is also offering Lipitor for a generic price to big firms such as Medco, which managehealth schemes prescription 。可銳教育官網(wǎng)This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale andstructure of Pfizer s scheme is Risinger認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)策略雖有先例，但就規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)而言絕對(duì)不能與輝瑞的計(jì)劃相比。More unusual, Pfizer has cut the price of its original version, and will keep marketing ，輝瑞將降低立普妥專(zhuān)利藥的價(jià)格，并對(duì)其采取積極的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)策略。However, Pfizer is exploiting a loophole in the 1984 law, which lets it appoint a second,authorised copycat—in this case, Watson, another American ，輝瑞鉆了這個(gè)法案的空子，它讓第二家授權(quán)仿制藥企業(yè)——華生制藥公司來(lái)仿制。However, legal challenges against them have faltered, and a bill to ban them is stuck ，反對(duì)這些協(xié)議的訴訟一再擱淺，而美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)也未能通過(guò)禁止此類(lèi)事件的一項(xiàng)法案。In the year to October the FTC identified what it believes to be 28 such ，F(xiàn)TC就發(fā)現(xiàn)了28起類(lèi)似事件。Jon Leibowitz, chairman of America s Federal Trade Commission , is concerned bydrugmakers filing frivolous a