【正文】 這么長的使用時間顯得綽綽有余：醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展的速度意味著等到設(shè)備的電量用光就到了用一個更先進(jìn)的型號來替換整個設(shè)備的時候。Today, nonrechargeable lithiumbased batteries are in many cardiologicaland neurological implants, they provide between seven and ten years of is morethan enough: the speed of medical progress is such that by the time the battery has run downit is generally time to replace the whole device with a newer model in any ，不可充電的鋰電池較為普遍。嘗試了各種化學(xué)電池以及感應(yīng)充電計劃，甚至是將放射衰變的熱能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的钚電源單元格。Researchers are trying to harness glucosethe body s own fuelto power implantablegadgets such as LIKE any other electrical device, a pacemaker needs a power the firstpermanent pacemaker was installed in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have tinkered with many different ways of supplying electricity to their of chemical batteries have been tried, as well as inductive recharging schemes andeven plutonium power cells that convert the heat from radioactive decay into pacemakers still turn up from time to time in mortuaries and hospitals,and a failure to dispose of them properly keeps America s Nuclear Regulatory Commissionbusy handing out citations to unsuspecting ，一個起搏器同樣需要能源。但埃利斯博士的結(jié)果打下了一個基礎(chǔ)，或許可以在此之上為乳腺癌——甚至其他種類的癌癥——的治療建立有效的預(yù)測方法。這意味著，在擁有合適裝備的病理實(shí)驗室里，人們可以很容易地找出腫瘤基因突變的補(bǔ)體。This sort of information has obvious implications for the cheapness ofmodern genesequencing methods, particularly those that are looking for specific mutationssuspected in advance, means that a tumour s mutational plement can be worked outeasily in an appropriately equipped pathology the case of oestrogenreceptorpositive breast cancer, the genetic analysis has not yet gone so far as to be able to say withcertainty which drug will produce the best result for a given individual, but Dr Ellis s resultlays a foundation on which such an edifice might be built for breast cancer and perhaps forother types of tumour, 。By bining their newly acquired genetic data with clinical data from the participants, DrEllis and his colleagues showed that those whose tumours carried mutations in p53 were less likely to have responded to letrozole than women whose tumours hadnormal , those whose tumours had changes in either MAP3K1 or MAP2K4 had better than average responses to the ，埃利斯博士等人證明了，來曲唑?qū)δ[瘤中有p53基因突變的病人的療效不如對腫瘤中p53基因正常的病人那樣顯著。但也有些令人吃驚的其他結(jié)果。這中間包括p53，這種基因在正常工作時通過調(diào)節(jié)DNA對的修復(fù)、細(xì)胞分裂和細(xì)胞自殺來抑制癌癥。埃利斯博士希望找出其原因。該試驗有兩種，每個病人都接受其中的可銳教育官網(wǎng)一種。此后，為找出癌細(xì)胞中哪些基因發(fā)生了突變，他們比較了每個病人的健康和癌變基因組。Dr Ellis and his team sequenced the whole genomes of both cancerous and normal tissuefrom 46 women with tumours of a type called oestrogenreceptorpositive breast also sequenced just the genecontaining regions of the genomeabout 1% of totalDNAfrom an additional 31 women, and parts of the sequences of 240 thenpared the healthy and tumorous genomes of each patient, in order to discover whichgenes had mutated in the 。而這正是在圣路易斯市的華盛頓大學(xué)工作的馬修?埃利斯及其同事們?yōu)轭净既橄侔┑膵D女們所作的工作。但光憑這些數(shù)據(jù)本身無法幫助患者。第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選可銳教育官網(wǎng)2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選（五）Gene therapy基因療法Genetic mutations predict which cancers willrespond to treatment基因突變將預(yù)測某種治療會對哪些癌癥起作用THE International Cancer Genome Consortium, analliance of laboratories that is trying to produce adefinitive list of the genetic mutations that causecancer, is accumulating data at an astonishing 3,000 individual breast tumours,for example, have now had their genotypes these data will not, bythemselves, help that, they have to be collected in the context of a drug this is just what Matthew Ellis and his colleagues at Washington University in St Louishave done for women suffering from breast methods, if they prove to work forother cancers too, may revolutionise ，它積累數(shù)據(jù)的速度讓人吃驚。Express Scripts is advising the health plans it works for to reject Pfizer s deals for 。Medco argues that Pfizer s scheme will save money for all parties, and ensure a steadysupply of the ，輝瑞的項目是為各方省錢，并保證穩(wěn)定供貨。Pfizer is also offering Lipitor for a generic price to big firms such as Medco, which managehealth schemes prescription ?？射J教育官網(wǎng)This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale andstructure of Pfizer s scheme is Risinger認(rèn)為，這項策略雖有先例，但就規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)而言絕對不能與輝瑞的計劃相比。More unusual, Pfizer has cut the price of its original version, and will keep marketing ，輝瑞將降低立普妥專利藥的價格，并對其采取積極的營銷策略。However, Pfizer is exploiting a loophole in the 1984 law, which lets it appoint a second,authorised copycat—in this case, Watson, another American ，輝瑞鉆了這個法案的空子，它讓第二家授權(quán)仿制藥企業(yè)——華生制藥公司來仿制。However, legal challenges against them have faltered, and a bill to ban them is stuck ，反對這些協(xié)議的訴訟一再擱淺，而美國國會也未能通過禁止此類事件的一項法案。In the year to October the FTC identified what it believes to be 28 such ，F(xiàn)TC就發(fā)現(xiàn)了28起類似事件。Jon Leibowitz, chairman of America s Federal Trade Commission , is concerned bydrugmakers filing frivolous additional patents on their products to put off the day whentheir protection Leibowitz注意到，制藥商們千方百計地為產(chǎn)品增加后續(xù)專利，以延緩保護(hù)的失效，但其實(shí)那些專利沒什么價值。Ranbaxy, a Japaneseowned drugmaker, struggled to get regulators approval for itsgeneric version of Lipitor, and only won it on the day the patent ，獲得了立普妥非專利藥的生產(chǎn)許可，但該許可要到專利失效那天才生效。Pfizer s revenues should same story will be repeated many times, as otherbestselling drugs march over the patent ，因為其他暢銷藥也要臨近專利懸崖。What is supposed to happen now is that lots of copycat firms rush in with generic versions of Lipitor at perhaps onefifth of its 很多仿制藥公司現(xiàn)在大概正忙著推出與立普妥的非專利藥，價格僅為立普妥的1/5。This week the patent on the bestselling drug in history expired—Lipitor, an anticholesterolpill which earned Pfizer nearly $11 billion in revenues last ，史上最暢銷的藥物 立普妥 專利到期，這種降膽固醇藥去年就為輝瑞公司賺了近110億美元。Mr Zuckerberg s latest mea culpa is unlikely to be his 。Some observers reckon web firms have agreed to all this in the hope that it will deflect apush for more onerous privacy legislation in ，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司全盤接受這些審核，希望借此擺脫美國更為繁瑣的隱私保護(hù)法。In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Googleaccept regular external audits, too, after each firm was accused of