【正文】 銷藥品的專利到期或?qū)＠蛟V訟而中止，而市場(chǎng)上鮮有新的 重磅炸彈 藥物，這時(shí)企業(yè)的銷售額將會(huì)銳減。In all, blockbusters with a bined $170 billion in annual sales will go offpatent by ，多種 重磅炸彈 藥物的專利都將失效。Patients and healthcare payers should reap the ，而輝瑞的收入會(huì)縮水。But generics makers may face delays getting their cheaper versions to ，非專利制藥企業(yè)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)仿制藥上市一拖再拖。More important, researchbased drug firms are using a variety of tactics to make the patentcliff slope more ，以研發(fā)為基礎(chǔ)的制藥公司正使用各種方法緩沖 專利懸崖 效應(yīng)。Another tactic is payfordelay , in which a drugmaker facing a legal challenge to itspatent pays its wouldbe petitor to put off introducing its cheaper 有償延遲 協(xié)議，也就是說(shuō)在專利訴訟時(shí)，制藥企業(yè)會(huì)付給未來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手一筆錢(qián)，以延遲價(jià)錢(qián)更低的仿制藥進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。American and European regulators are looking into these 美國(guó)和歐洲的監(jiān)管部門(mén)也開(kāi)始調(diào)查這些協(xié)議。To encourage generics makers to challenge patents on drugs, and introduce cheapercopies，為了鼓勵(lì)非專利制藥企業(yè)挑戰(zhàn)藥品專利、生產(chǎn)價(jià)錢(qián)更低的仿制藥，an American law passed in 1984 says that the first one to do so will get a 180day exclusivityperiod，美國(guó)于1984年通過(guò)一項(xiàng)法案，其中提到 第一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)成功的仿制藥企能獲得180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期，in which no other generics maker can sell versions of the drug in question, as Ranbaxysupposedly won with ，就像蘭伯西獲得立普妥仿制藥的生產(chǎn)權(quán)一樣。According to BernsteinResearch, under the deal between the two drugmakers Pfizer willreceive about 70% of Watson s revenues from its approved copy of ，在此交易期間，華生公司獲得立普妥的仿制權(quán)，輝瑞將獲得華生公司年收入的70%。So Ranbaxy faces not one, but two ，蘭伯西的對(duì)手是兩個(gè)，而非一個(gè)。Patients with a special discount card from Pfizer will make copayments of just $4 for a month s worth of the originalLipitor, pared with about $10 for many generic ，若使用一種特殊打折卡，通過(guò)共同支付方式，只花4美元就可以獲得一個(gè)月用量的立普妥專利藥，而其他仿制品需要花費(fèi)約10美元。All this may raise Pfizer s sales by nearly $500m in the first half of 2012 pared with whatthey would otherwise have been, says Tim Anderson of BernsteinResearch, with revenuesthen falling after the 180 days are Anderson認(rèn)為，所有這些舉措將使得輝瑞2012年上半年的銷售額比不采取措施時(shí)增加近5億美元，總收入在180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期后會(huì)下降。Others fear that Pfizer s tactics may drive up costs for the employers who sponsor healthplans, thanks to the plexities of copayment schemes, and confuse patients lectured foryears about the merits of ，由于共同支付計(jì)劃很復(fù)雜，輝瑞的戰(zhàn)術(shù)會(huì)增加雇主門(mén)支付健康計(jì)劃的成本，也讓患者們?cè)跀?shù)年內(nèi)都不明白仿制藥的重要意義。The biggest worry is that Pfizer s strategy, if copied, will make the 180day exclusivityperiod worth far less, and thus discourage generics firms from challenging patents in thefirst ，如若輝瑞的做法被仿制，那么180天專有期的價(jià)值會(huì)縮水，而仿制藥公司可銳教育官網(wǎng)挑戰(zhàn)專利的動(dòng)力也會(huì)在初期被抑制。例如，它已經(jīng)發(fā)表了大約3000種不同的乳房腫瘤的基因型。要醫(yī)治病人，人們必須結(jié)合藥物試驗(yàn)采集數(shù)據(jù)。如果事實(shí)證明他們的方法對(duì)其他癌癥也有用的話，這可能會(huì)是癌癥治療的一次革命。他們也對(duì)另外31名病人的基因組中含有基因的那些區(qū)域進(jìn)行了測(cè)序，并對(duì)其他240 名病人的這些部分做了部分測(cè)序。In this, they were following the normal protocol of the cancer genome of their approach was that the women in question had each been involved in one oftwo clinical trials of a drug called trials established letrozole as a standardtreatment for people with this type of breast cancer, but not all patients benefit equally fromthe Ellis hoped to find out ，但其方法的新穎之處是，他們還同時(shí)進(jìn)行一種名為來(lái)曲唑的藥物的臨床試驗(yàn)。這些試驗(yàn)證實(shí)來(lái)曲唑是這類乳腺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法，但它對(duì)每個(gè)病人的療效并不一樣。As they report in Nature, he and his team discovered 18 genes that were often were the usual suspects of cancer included p53, a gene that, whenworking properly, suppresses cancer by regulating DNA repair, cell division and cellularsuicide, and MAP3K1 and MAP2K4, which both promote cell , though, were the top of that list were five which had previously been linked to leukaemia, butwere not thought to affect solid 《自然》雜志中所報(bào)告的那樣，埃利斯和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了18種經(jīng)常發(fā)生突變的基因，其中有些是癌癥遺傳學(xué)通常懷疑的對(duì)象。還有MAP3K1和MAP2K4，它們都能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。高踞名單前列的5種基因是人們過(guò)去認(rèn)為與白血病有關(guān)的，沒(méi)想到它們也會(huì)影響實(shí)體瘤。與此相反，這一藥物對(duì)腫瘤中MAP3K1或MAP2K4有變化的病人的療效高于平均水平。而且，現(xiàn)代基因測(cè)序法價(jià)格低廉，尋找預(yù)先已有懷疑的某些特別的基因突變尤為便宜。就雌激素受體陽(yáng)性乳腺癌來(lái)說(shuō)，基因分析還無(wú)法肯定地告訴我們，哪種藥物對(duì)某個(gè)病人療效最佳。可銳教育官網(wǎng)Medical implants醫(yī)用植入設(shè)備A sweet 。自從1958年第一個(gè)永久起搏器被植入后，可植入醫(yī)療設(shè)備的制造商就在不斷嘗試為其產(chǎn)品提供電能的各種方法?，F(xiàn)在，钚電源起搏器還是時(shí)不時(shí)的出現(xiàn)在停尸房和醫(yī)院中，并且使得美國(guó)核管理委員忙于忙于處罰那些疏于妥善處理钚電源起搏器的醫(yī)院。應(yīng)用在心臟病和神經(jīng)源性疾病的移植設(shè)備中，一般能夠提供7年到10年的使用時(shí)間。But that has not dissuaded researchers from continuing to seek perfection, in the form of apact, perpetual energy source which does not require external ,several researchers are closing in on just such a solution using glucose, a type of sugar thatis the main energy source for all cells in the ，緊湊型的永久能源，從而使得這些移植設(shè)備不再需要外部充電。Many other ideas have been tried down the kinetic energy of the human body, forexample, has long been harnessed to power watches, and should also be enough to keep apacemaker differences between the body and the ambient air meanthat thermoelectric couples can generate useful quantities of properly tuned devicecould capture background radiofrequency energy and rectify it into small amounts ofusable 。人體與外部環(huán)境的溫差意味著熱電偶能夠產(chǎn)生一定數(shù)量能量。Although all these ideas have been shown to work in theoretical tests on lab benches, theyall suffer from the same handicap: intermittent patients, forinstance, generate little kinetic in a warm room reduces the poweravailable from radio waves are mon but not areserious drawbacks for an IMD that may be responsible for keeping someone ，但是他們都有一個(gè)同樣的缺陷：間歇運(yùn)行。處于溫暖的房間中會(huì)減少熱電偶產(chǎn)生的可用能量。這些問(wèn)題對(duì)于維持生命的可移植醫(yī)療設(shè)備來(lái)說(shuō)都是十分嚴(yán)重的缺陷。A glucosepowered implant would solve such is continuously deliveredthroughout the body by its circulatory sugarpowered device would thereforehave access to a constant supply of fuel, and could be implanted almost 。一個(gè)糖分供能的設(shè)備因此能夠取得持續(xù)供給的能量并且?guī)缀蹩梢栽谌魏挝恢眠M(jìn)行移植。利用碳納米管，他和他的同事在燃料電池的電子上找到可銳教育官網(wǎng)了2種不同的酶，在燃料電池中他們通過(guò)釋放葡萄糖的電子來(lái)產(chǎn)生電能。Dr Singhal has implanted prototype devices into live with a fuel cell about thesize of a penny, the bionic bugs were able to generate over 20 microwatts during a twoweek 。That is only around a fifth of the power that a pacemaker requires, but Dr Singhal reckonsthat a humansized version of his cell would be able to deliver enough is a catch,though: a process called biofouling, in which foreign objects implanted in the body beeencrusted with proteins and could render Dr Singhal s device inoperable afteronly a few worrying are the enzymes, which tend to break down over enzymes means losing ，但是Singhal博士認(rèn)為人類體積大小的細(xì)胞量能夠產(chǎn)生足夠的能量。這會(huì)使得Singhal博士的設(shè)備在移植后的幾個(gè)月內(nèi)便無(wú)法使用。而丟失酶就意味著丟失能量