【正文】
? Strategy is a deliberate set of actions taken to create rents 所謂戰(zhàn)略,是為創(chuàng)造租金而特意采取的行動(dòng) ? Rent creation involves obtaining a strategic fit between the anisation and its environment 創(chuàng)造租金的行為包括在組織與其所處環(huán)境之間達(dá)到戰(zhàn)略平衡的舉措 ? The degree of fitness changes over time due to petitive and other (exogenous) influences. 這種平衡會(huì)根據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和其他外部的影響而不斷變化 Rent = return above and beyond the level required by the market for an investment of similar level of risk 租金 = 以較低的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和超出市場(chǎng)要求的比例收回投資 Two types of rents兩種類型的租金 Monopoly rent 壟斷租金 ?Requires parative advantage 需要具有相對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì) ? Regulatory protection for the foreseeable future 針對(duì)可預(yù)見的未來采取調(diào)整性保護(hù)措施 ? Controls all of a limited resource對(duì)有限資源的方方面面予以控制 Scarcity rent 缺貨租金 ? Requires petitive advantage 需要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì) ? Valuable 價(jià)值含量高 ? Durable 耐久 ? Scarce 稀有 ? Nonimitable 無法模仿 ? Nonsubstitutable無法替代 Value Chain 價(jià)值鏈 Inbound logistics 原料物流管理 Service 服務(wù) Marketing Sales 營(yíng)銷與銷售 Outbound logistics 成品物流管理 Operations 生產(chǎn) Infrastructure 基層組織 Human Resource Management人力資源管理 Technology development 技術(shù)開發(fā) Procurement 采購(gòu) Support Activities 支持活動(dòng) Primary Activities 基本活動(dòng) 資料來源: Porter, . 1985: 《 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)》、《優(yōu)秀業(yè)績(jī)的創(chuàng)造與維持》 Characteristics: Think of a factory 標(biāo)新立異:企業(yè)之所想 ? Is all about transformation of inputs into outputs. The value resides sole。ran Roos Roland Burgman) ? 廠房的靈活性 ? 廠房的現(xiàn)代化程度 ? 基礎(chǔ)建筑周圍的廠房 ? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)資產(chǎn) ? ? 資產(chǎn)的可買賣性 ? ? 存取權(quán) ? Balance Sheet Strength資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中有利的部分 ? 庫存(包括狀態(tài)良好并可以使用的,廢棄的和多余的部分) ? 財(cái)產(chǎn) ? 廠房 ? 設(shè)備 ? 庫存 ─ 制成品 ─ 在制品 ─ 原材料 資產(chǎn)認(rèn)證 The strategic perspective 戰(zhàn)略全觀察 ? Strategic Axioms 戰(zhàn)略定律 ? Firms are rentseekers. 企業(yè)是尋租人 ? Strategy is a deliberate set of actions taken to create rents. 所謂戰(zhàn)略,是為創(chuàng)造租金而特意采取的行動(dòng) ? Rent creation involves obtaining a strategic fit between the anisation and its environment 創(chuàng)造租金的行為包括在組織與其所處環(huán)境之間達(dá)到戰(zhàn)略平衡的舉措 ? The degree of fitness changes over time due to petitive and other (exogenous) influences. 這種平衡會(huì)根據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和其他外部的影響而不斷變化 ? Two types of rents 兩種類型的租金 ? Monopoly rent 壟斷租金 ? Requires parative 對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì) ? Scarcity rent 缺貨租金 ? Requires 需要 ? Competitive advantage 相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì) Types of Strategic Resources 戰(zhàn)略資源的種類 Owned or Controlled By the Firm 企業(yè)所有或?yàn)槠髽I(yè)控制 Owned or Controlled By the Firm 企業(yè)所有或?yàn)槠髽I(yè)控制 Owned or Controlled By the Firm 企業(yè)所有或?yàn)槠髽I(yè)控制 Additive 附加 Additive 附加 Owned or Controlled by the Other Party 由第三方所有或控制 Owned or Controlled By the Employee 由雇員擁有或控制 Knowledge Economics 知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì) Industrial Economics 工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì) The utilisation of resources With different behaviour 采取不同行動(dòng)來利用資源 Network Economics 網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì) Examples of issues that can be discussed 論題舉例 Present Situation 現(xiàn)狀 Wanted Situation 理想狀態(tài) ?Flexible 靈活 ?Low growth 增長(zhǎng)緩慢 ?Limited Revenue 收入有限 ?No intrinsic value無內(nèi)在價(jià)值 ?Inflexible 不靈活 ?High growth 增長(zhǎng)迅速 ?Unlimited Revenue 收入無限 ?High intrinsic value內(nèi)在價(jià)值高 Examples of Resource Transformations 資源轉(zhuǎn)換的例子 MONETARY 貨幣 PHYSICAL 實(shí)物 RELATIONAL 關(guān)系 ORGANISATIONAL 組織 HUMAN 人力 MONETARY 貨幣 PHYSICAL 實(shí)物 REL. 關(guān)系 ORG. 組織 HUMAN 人力 Knowledge codification, new IP 知識(shí)編碼、新 IP Building developing relationships建立并發(fā)展關(guān)系 Developing Prototypes 開發(fā)產(chǎn)品雛形 Sales of manhours 出售工時(shí) Sales of IP, processes knowledge銷售 IP、 方法和知識(shí) Produce By numbers 依靠定單數(shù)量進(jìn)行生產(chǎn) Market Intelligence 市場(chǎng)情報(bào) Developing petence through use在實(shí)際使用中開發(fā)能力 Relationship selling, preferential deals關(guān)系銷售 , 特惠交易 Use of other pany’s assets 使用其他企業(yè)的資產(chǎn) Importing IP, processes, association with brands 引進(jìn) IP和流程,與別的品牌合作 Chance to build skills in relationship handling在人際關(guān) 系的處理中培養(yǎng)技能 Sales of products 產(chǎn)品銷售 Facilities build relationships建立關(guān)系所需的設(shè)備 Possible new products knowhow新產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)竅門 Facilities to train with 培訓(xùn)所需的設(shè)備 Investment in assets 在資產(chǎn)方 面投資 Investment in building links 在建立關(guān) 系網(wǎng)上投資 Investment in brands, image and systems投資 在品牌、形 象和系統(tǒng) Recruitment training, conditions 新人培訓(xùn) ,提出條件 Training 培訓(xùn) Equipment generates products 由設(shè)備生產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品 Networking建立網(wǎng)絡(luò) Systems generate IP系統(tǒng)產(chǎn) 生的 IP investmenIt In financial Instruments 投資金融工具 Mental agility 思想的敏捷性 Social Behavioural 社會(huì)的和行為的因素 Tacit knowledge 隱性知識(shí) Company image 企業(yè)形象 Cash equivalents 現(xiàn)金及其他等價(jià)物 Cognitive Competence 認(rèn)知能力 Company Brands 企業(yè)品牌 Explicit Knowledge 顯性知識(shí) Customers 客戶 A Navigator a conceptual map 概念導(dǎo)航圖 Mental agility 思想的敏捷性 Company image 企業(yè)形象 Cash equivalents 現(xiàn)金和其他等價(jià)物 Cognitive Competence 認(rèn)知能力 Explicit Knowledge 顯性知識(shí) Customers 客戶 Tacit knowledge 隱性知識(shí) We rely on top quality people to generate cash by staying at the cutting edge of thinking 我們依賴于高素質(zhì)的人為我們創(chuàng)造價(jià)值,因?yàn)樗麄兊乃枷霑r(shí)刻處于領(lǐng)先地位。ran Roos Roland Burgman) Resources Form 資源一覽表 Asset Recognition 資產(chǎn)認(rèn)證 ? Property 財(cái)產(chǎn) ? Plant 廠房 ? Equipment設(shè)備 ? Inventory庫存 ─ Finished Goods ─ 制成品 ─ WIP 在制品 ─ Raw Materials ─ 原材料 ? Plant Flexibility設(shè)備適應(yīng)性 ? Plant Modernity 設(shè)備現(xiàn)代化 ? Infrastructure Surrounding Plants周圍基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 ? Stranded Assets?不可售資產(chǎn) ? Tradability of Assets?可售資產(chǎn) ? Access Rights使用權(quán) ? Balance Sheet Strength資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表能力 ? Inventory (Good and Usable, Obsolete, Redundant)存貨(好的和廢的,陳舊的,多余的) ? 信用配給 ? 未提取的設(shè)備 ? 借款能力 (對(duì)以名譽(yù)為立家之本的公司尤為重要 ) ? Borrowing Covenant Slack借貸緩期契約 ? 應(yīng)收帳款的確定性 ? 利潤(rùn)可兌現(xiàn)性 ? Cash 現(xiàn)金 ? Investments ? 投資 ? 應(yīng)收帳款 / 債務(wù)人 ? 應(yīng)付帳款 /債權(quán)人 ? Plant Flexibility ? Plant Modernity ? Infrastructure Surrounding Plants ? Stranded Ass