【正文】 1. According to Aristotle what are the six elements of the structure of tragedy?Chapter One Plot4. The Story and the Novel3. What is Fiction? theme。 character。2. The structure and functions of a story1. What is Story? and how social concern is involved in a specific form of human imagination. In addition, students should elevate to the level of cultivating a curiosity for the unknown, thinking cogently and logically, expressing themselves clearly and concisely, and observing the world around them critically and objectively. But most students are still at a loss as to how they can effectively analyze a literary work by themselves in any of these respects, even though they have read plenty of excerpts from representative works in the British and American literary canon. And they tend to have little idea what role the beginning part plays in the whole story, how the plot develops and es to resolution, in what way point of view determines a reader’s understanding of the story, and how the images and symbols are related to the theme. Upon consideration of these factors, we have such course with the intention of cultivating both students’ literary sensibilities and their /your critical power when reading English short stories and novels.English literature is one of the pulsory and most important courses. However, the English literature courses offered are merely taught at the level of learning general information and developing literal understanding. Admittedly, such courses help them/you a lot in their/your acquisition of the English language. But the function of English literature reaches far beyond that. In reading English literature, a student should have the power to discern how human beings translate their experience into artistic expression and representation。The main or major characters are those in close and dynamic relation with the hero or heroine. Close relation does not mean good relation. Pablo in For Whom the Bell Tolls is constantly findingIntroductionThe character on whom a novel is called the hero or heroine when it is a female Usually, a novel has more than one character. They interact with each other and make up the however ingenious. Compare the physical life and spiritual life of the characters and ours. We have to answer the nature’s call several times a day, but characters seldom do this, even in the most realistic or naturalistic novels. We have to live our life hour by hour and day by day, but characters never do this. They choose to live some time more fully than others, and are able to skip over periods on ten months or twenty years without seeming weird, a feat which we can never attempt. In our life, our minds are a gray matter even to scientists. We can not know what is going on in other’s mind. But in novels, the minds of the characters are open or can be made open to the reader if the novelist so chooses. The reader does not only see their clothes, but also see their minds. One character may be enemy to other characters, but he is friend to the reader, before whom he can think aloud, to borrow Emerson’s words. Characters do not live, but act. When we watch actors speak aloud to themselves on the stage as if they were alone, we know they are acting and they are different from what they represent in real life. The characters in novels exist in a similar manner.They have names used in the same way ours are used, they have hatred and love, and they have desires and fears. Above all, they act the way we act or the way we can understand (like or dislike).he is a translator between animals and humans. No sensible reader, after reading Orwell’s Animal Farm, would go to the pigsty to look for a talking boar. This proves the agreedon fictionality of characters in novels. So broadly, a character is an invented personality to resemble but never to equal a real person in life. determination of incident? What is incident but the illustration of character?” (The Art of Fiction”) When we read a novel, we read about our fellow beings, and that is one of the motives in reading at all. The “fellow beings” in the novel is termed characters. By “fellow beings” is meant not only “human beings” but also “other beings,” such as animals. George Orwell uses animals to represent human beings in his novel Animal Farm. Lewis Carrol creates many lovely animals in his Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland that appeal to both children and adults.I. What is Character?In the introduction we have said that fiction is an image of people in action, moving towards an undeclared end. Thus character is always involved in fiction, even in the story of the simplest action. Sometimes character is at the center of our interest because in character we may see many facets of the people we meet in our daily life and even of ourselves. Fictional character is always character in action and the character gets into action because it is caught in a situation of conflict and he/she is always provided with motivation: he/she has sufficient reasons to act or behave as he /she does. The character is doing something and the reader while reading fiction wants to know the “why” as well as the “what” of the affairs. (Sometimes a character’s motive for an action is not explained on acceptable grounds, for example, the villain in Adgar Allan Poe’story “The TellTale Heart,” and thus the reader feels cheated. In this case, the writer of detective fiction who makes the criminal a mere lunatic has cheated the reader by avoiding the problem of motive.) And generally, the action itself is humanly significant and it ends usually in a shift in or clarification of human values, as displayed in John Updike’s “A amp。7. More works to do: something about the writers of the two stories.5. the plot of the story? 4. What is the climax of the story?2. What part of the story seems like the exposition? Rip Van WinkleII. Read the stories of ‘Rip Van Winkle’(Washington Irving) and ‘David Swan’ (Nathaniel Hawthorne)