【正文】 its manifestations were as varied, as individualistic, and as conflicting as the cultures and the intellects from which it sprang. Yet romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: enthusiasm, 2. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and 3 a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. (It stressed the pursuit of freedom, individualism, a reliance upon the good of nature and “natural” man and an abiding faith in the boundless resources of the human spirit and imagination.) 1. stress emotion, passion, imagination and fancy, rich in mystic color, deal with moral theme. exalted the individualism and encouraged people to fight for individual right and human happiness bravely. It displays personalities, expresses feelings and thoughts of mon people. It stresses man’s ability to master the world by one’s conscience or intuition. They believed that human nature was of goodwill. One form of it is transcendentalism. 3. The romantic showed a profound admiration and love for nature, the beauty and perfection of nature could produce in him an unspeakable joy and exaltation。 and lastly to serve God best was to do good for the mankind.6. Poetry is an art of transforming an intensely personal moment /experience /emotion (subjective, inward) into an impersonal and municable image (objective, outward) through language, with a certain form and context, linelength, rhymescheme, regular meter.A poem is a verbal device that would preserve an experience indefinitely by reproducing it in whoever read the poem. (Philip Larkin)詩歌強調(diào)擬物寄情，把凝結(jié)在大眾可普遍接受的客觀世界的物上，找到一種內(nèi)情和外露，個人體驗與大眾審美都能兼顧，相結(jié)合的一種途徑、方法。 fourthly education and science was an important means to create man’s happiness。Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It developed on the basis of realism but went a step further than it in portraying social reality.Lost Generation: Also termed the Sad Young Men, which was created by . Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men. The term in general refers to the post World War I generation, but specifically a group of US writers who came of age during the war and established their reputation in the 1920s. It stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises, a novel that captures the attitudes of a harddrinking, fast living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris. The generation was “l(fā)ost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from US, they seemed hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Dos Passos, . Cummings and so on.International theme：The meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological plications arising therefore. The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures could be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny. Marriage and love are used by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the two value Systems, and the protagonist usually goes through a painful process of spiritual growth, gaining knowledge of good and evil from the conflict.Symbolism: It is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the poetry of Charles Baudelaire in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century.美國文學(xué)名詞解釋1. Puritans: is English protestant, one division of Protestant (one division of Christianity, appeared in the 16th c, against the ruling Roman Catholic. In England, there were many divisions in protestant, for instance, Quakers, Baptism, 震顫派，喧囂派). They regarded the reformation of the Church under Elizabeth as inplete, and called for its further “purification” from what they considered to be unscriptural and corrupt forms and ceremonies retained from the unreformed church. They objected, for instance, to the wearing of the surplice and to government by the prelates, and they demanded the right to partake of the munion in a sitting posture. Their Millenary Petition (1603) requested a reform of the church courts, a doing away with “superstitious” customs, a discarding of the use of apocryphal books of the Bible, a serious observance of the Sabbath, and various ecclesiastical reforms. The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: one part of them were the creators of the Plymouth colony, called “Separatists”. They were so suppressed by the church of England that they sought escape. Those Separatists first went into exile to Holland, then were aboard “Mayflower” in 1620 and settled down in Plymouth. America, therefore, as an infant was born. They considered that the Church of England had bee hopeless and advocated to separate from it since general reform would be useless. The other part was the Englishmen in the Massachusettes Bay Colony. Though they came later than those of Plymouth colony, they were richer and bettereducated. They devoted themselves to the reform of the Church of England and meant to clear away the rituals of the Roman Catholic Church in it. In reality, only this part of them were true Puritans. They accepted the doctrine of original sin and total depravity, and predestination, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. The main doctrine of Calvinism Puritans believed in was