【正文】 its manifestations were as varied, as individualistic, and as conflicting as the cultures and the intellects from which it sprang. Yet romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: enthusiasm, 2. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and 3 a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. (It stressed the pursuit of freedom, individualism, a reliance upon the good of nature and ―natural‖ man and an abiding faith in the boundless resources of the human spirit and imagination.) 1. stress emotion, passion, imagination and fancy, rich in mystic color, deal with moral theme. exalted the individualism and encouraged people to fight for individual right and human happiness bravely. It displays personalities, expresses feelings and thoughts of mon people. It stresses man’s ability to master the world by one’s conscience or intuition. They believed that human nature was of goodwill. One form of it is transcendentalism. 3. The romantic showed a profound admiration and love for nature, the beauty and perfection of nature could produce in him an unspeakable joy and exaltation。 and lastly to serve God best was to do good for the mankind. 6. Poetry is an art of transforming an intensely personal moment /experience /emotion (subjective, inward) into an impersonal and municable image (objective, outward) through language, with a certain form and context, linelength, rhymescheme, regular meter. A poem is a verbal device that would preserve an experience indefinitely by reproducing it in whoever read the poem. (Philip Larkin) 詩歌強調(diào)擬物寄情，把凝結(jié)在大眾可普遍接受的客觀世界的物上，找到一種內(nèi)情和外露，個人體驗與大眾審美都能兼顧，相結(jié)合的一種途徑、方法。 fourthly education and science was an important means to create man’s happiness。美 國 文 學(xué) 名 詞 解 釋 1. Puritans: is English protestant, one division of Protestant (one division of Christianity, appeared in the 16th c, against the ruling Roman Catholic. In England, there were many divisions in protestant, for instance, Quakers, Baptism, 震顫派，喧囂派 ). They regarded the reformation of the Church under Elizabeth as inplete, and called for its further ―purification‖ from what they considered to be unscriptural and corrupt forms and ceremonies retained from the unreformed church. They objected, for instance, to the wearing of the surplice and to government by the prelates, and they demanded the right to partake of the munion in a sitting posture. Their Millenary Petition (1603) requested a reform of the church courts, a doing away with ―superstitious‖ customs, a discarding of the use of apocryphal books of the Bible, a serious observance of the Sabbath, and various ecclesiastical reforms. The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: one part of them were the creators of the Plymouth colony, called ―Separatists‖. They were so suppressed by the church of England that they sought escape. Those Separatists first went into exile to Holland, then were aboard ―Mayflower‖ in 1620 and settled down in Plymouth. America, therefore, as an infant was born. They considered that the Church of England had bee hopeless and advocated to separate from it since general reform would be useless. The other part was the Englishmen in the Massachusettes Bay Colony. Though they came later than those of Plymouth colony, they were richer and bettereducated. They devoted themselves to the reform of the Church of England and meant to clear away the rituals of the Roman Catholic Church in it. In reality, only this part of them were true Puritans. They accepted the doctrine of original sin and total depravity, and predestination, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. The main doctrine of Calvinism Puritans believed in was first shown in ―total depravity‖. They believed in the ―original sin‖ in which Adam the first man God created sinned and which led to the conclusion that ―in Adam’s fall, we sinned all.‖ They considered that man was born sinful, was a sinner and could not redeem his original sinfulness. Moreover, they could not save themselves. Secondly Puritans underscored that man would be chosen by God unconditionally. They thought that God occupied a dominant position. He could save a part of people willfully, made them rise to the Heaven after death, and could also destroy some other part of people wantonly, made fall into the hell after death. Therefore, determinism took firm root in their minds. They believed in man’s destiny, everything of man was disposed in the hands of God, only God knew who were ―chosen people‖ after they died. Man himself was predestined and could not master his own destiny. They thought that God willfully granted people the favor that man could neither strive to gain, nor refuse to accept. The obtaining of the God’s special kindness or God’s providence for him meant his ―rebirth‖ or ―being sainted.‖ In this sense, they strived to be saints while they were still alive. Man did not know whether they could be God’s chosen people, but should live a saintlike life at ordinary times according to God’s will. The Holy Bible was the guidebook to man’s behaviors. In New England where Puritanism was popular, one’s life was only the course of moral training and that of his struggle between God and devils. People had an austere and rigid way of life governed by the church. Therefore, clergymen were the dominant authorities. Puritans tended to suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin: they didn’t dance, did not go to theatre, but sang chant in church and listened to the music. However, they allowed drinking, smoking and putting on beautiful clothes. Puritanism encouraged people to struggle in their careers. If one’s business was booming, it proved that he had gained God