【正文】 Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an Age of Realism came into came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really expresses the concern for monplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience: American naturalism was a new and harsher naturalism had been shaped by the war。(4)showing things as they are。(2)describing the exotic of the picturesque。The Marble Faun。Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper The Spy(1821)The Leatherstocking Tales(1823—1841)The Pilot(1824)The Red Rover(1827)Washington Irving（“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” “Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of ChristopherColumbus ”）American TranscendentalismIn the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudoclassic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and mon humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of ① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the them, the individual is the most important element of Society.③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or was not purely was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming Emerson’s：Nature；SelfReliance；The American Scholar；The Oversoul；：WaldenHenry Wadsworth LongfellowWalt Whitman：Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I couldnot stop for DeathWilliam Faulkner(189719621949 Nobel priceAs I Lay Dying(1930)Light in the August(1932)Absalom, Absalom(1936)Go Down Moses(1942)Ernest HemingwayIceberg Principle(Theory)“grace under pressure”Major Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926(Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 1928(a tragic story about war and love)(Frederic Henry andCatherine Barkley)For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940(Spanish civil war)(Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea 1952(Santiago)Herman Melville代表作：白鯨Moby DickOther Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, HawthorneThe Scarlet LetterMosses from an Old Manse。it was also a way of being in the world—a style of response to lived experience—that has reverberated through American life ever a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American RomanticismThe Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.? Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)? For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important thanreason and mon sense.? They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,against authority.? The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop andexpress his own inner England Poets: William Cullen Bryant。 verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic ：用五音步抑揚格寫的無韻詩。因此，自由詩消除了很多不自然的成分和詩體表現(xiàn)的某些審美差距。意象主義主張在詩歌通過“直接描寫事物”和簡介的用詞來產(chǎn)生意象，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物為龐德和艾米?羅威爾 Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the the time, it was known as the “New Negro Movement”, of which Harlem was the largest and artists emphasized black liberation, retaining black cultural pride, and not giving in to white began to produce a wide variety of fine and highly original works dealing with AfricanAmerican works attracted many black to the wider culture, they also attracted mercial publishers and a large white associated with the Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes Who wrote The Weary was more than just a literary movement in AM Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular ：按照語言的抑揚頓挫和意象模式，而不是按照固定韻律寫出的詩。艾默生的《自然》被稱為是“美國超驗主義的宣言”，他的《美國學(xué)者》則被認為是美國的“文化獨立宣言書”。他們認為自然就是“精神”或“上帝”的象征，它是有生命的，而上帝又無處不在。他們強調(diào)個人的重要性，反對精神上的物質(zhì)主義。超驗主義和福音派新教分別是美國清教主義的兩個分支，他們的祖先是17世紀和18世紀的加爾文神教。在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以前，浪漫主義價值觀占據(jù)是政治、藝術(shù)、和哲學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，浪漫主義者對個人的贊揚正好迎合了美國的革命遺風和邊疆開拓者的品均主義。美國的不斷壯大和發(fā)展以及隨之而來的明珠和平等的思想、工業(yè)化的發(fā)展、西北邊疆的不斷擴展和國外的各種影響使浪漫主義作家文學(xué)不但成為一種可能，而且使它成為美國政治獨立后的一種必然。它所關(guān)心的是普通的下層勞動人民而非理想中的人類本性和現(xiàn)實經(jīng)歷。 Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an Age of Realism came into came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really expresses the concern for monplace and the low, and it offers anobjective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human ：在美國文學(xué)史上，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)宣告了浪漫主義的終結(jié)和現(xiàn)實主義的開始。他們相信宿命論、原罪說、全體墮落和有限的贖罪。在美國的第一批居民中有很多就是清教徒，他們有著嚴格的宗教信仰和道德準則。雖然自然主義文學(xué)通過更為苛刻的現(xiàn)實主義手法來展現(xiàn)這個世界，但是他有時也是為了通過社會改革來改善這個世界。美國的自然主義者往往否定了廣為接受的道德真理的正確性，他們想達到極端的客觀與直率，他們所展現(xiàn)的人物往往都是下層社會的人，他們的命運受到環(huán)境和遺傳的制約。by the social upheavals that undermined the forting faith of an earlier ’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of forting moral attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social ：美國自然主義是一種新的、更具批判性的現(xiàn)實主義。thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early frontier humori