【正文】 61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5）人們試圖對這些禁忌作。 59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）然而，研究P時(shí)代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會(huì)如何安排冰川紀(jì)。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA’s進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。57. It is possible to make specific plementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to　　these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4）科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。 55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published plete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of SaintBeuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 ）F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判SB的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。51. The best evidence for the layeredmantle thesis is the wellestablished fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are posed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 ）對于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。 （從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思）注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+）在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對稱（asymmetry）特征中，最為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動(dòng)，因此在成年比目魚身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。 48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　lifeasspectacle， for readers，　　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents lifeasexperience：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。 46. It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小＃◤?fù)雜修飾+插入+省略+倒裝）這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。 (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語。 43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5）盡管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國家的猶太教法與大流散時(shí)期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代猶太人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的猶太教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《猶太教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《猶太教法典》，是指大流散時(shí)期猶太教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4）但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。 38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to pare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5）從文章中可以推斷出來，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所最好的幫助？39. My point is that its central　consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender　　as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4）我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評論家的足夠重視。 37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not　　confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+）象勒羅伊。35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）（Frederick ）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀(jì)