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Those were broken into vario。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑,或者說(shuō),是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事,但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。s time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a selfrighteous spiritual. 一個(gè)人的時(shí)候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。 Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time. 原來(lái),這個(gè)世界上,對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的,除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決,還有,時(shí)間。t want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can39。t really grow up, it seems is not so important。 The end of our life, and can meet many things really do? 而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可? During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional??傆X(jué)得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么,或者寫(xiě)點(diǎn)什么。 May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it. 一字開(kāi)頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。s actions. CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toure39。s 21 win. Michel Platini, president of European football39。s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday. I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport. For me it39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。t charge you more than 35% of your pensation if you win the case. If you are thinking about signing up for a damagesbased agreement, you should make sure you39。t agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you ? your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven39。在 PID參數(shù)整定時(shí)通過(guò)仿真可以很好的觀察到PID控制器參數(shù)變化對(duì)系統(tǒng)的影響,對(duì)比例,積分,微分對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)的作用有了更直觀的認(rèn)識(shí),學(xué)會(huì)了 PID參數(shù)的整定方法 ,并學(xué) 會(huì) 用狀態(tài)空間極點(diǎn)配置法設(shè)計(jì)直線倒立擺系統(tǒng)的控制器。 圖 54 直線一級(jí)倒立擺狀態(tài)空間極點(diǎn)配置 MATLAB/Simulink 仿真結(jié)果 6 總結(jié) 直線一級(jí)倒立擺系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì),使我掌握了用 Matlab/simulink來(lái)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)仿真的方法,并體會(huì)到了用 Matlab/simulink進(jìn)行控制器設(shè)計(jì)的方便與快捷。 圖 53 A、 B、 C、 D 參數(shù)設(shè)置 基于 MATLAB 的倒立擺控制系統(tǒng)仿真 26 依次打開(kāi) Gain、 Gain Gain Gain3 模塊設(shè)置 K K K K4 的值。 (2) 計(jì)算特征值 根據(jù)要求,并留有一定的裕量(設(shè)調(diào)整時(shí)間為 2 秒),我們選取期望的閉環(huán)極點(diǎn)? ?1,2,3,4isi??? ,其中: 1 2 3 41 0 , 1 0 2 2 3 , 2 2 3jj? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 其中, 34,??是一對(duì)具有 , 4n????的主導(dǎo)閉環(huán)極點(diǎn), 12,??位于主導(dǎo)閉環(huán)極點(diǎn)左邊, 因此其影響較小,因此期望的特征方程為: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1 2 3 44 3 21 0 1 0 2 2 3 2 2 32 4 1 9 6 7 2 0 1 6 0 0s s s s s s s j s js s s s? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? 因此可以得到: 1 2 3 42 4 , 1 9 6 , 7 2 0 , 1 6 0 0? ? ? ?? ? ? ? 由系統(tǒng)的特征方程: 421 0 00 0 0 2 9 .40 0 10 0 2 9 .4sssI A s ssss?????? ? ? ??????? 因此有 : 1 2 3 40 , 2 9 .4 , 0 , 0a a a a? ? ? ? ? 基于 MATLAB 的倒立擺控制系統(tǒng)仿真 24 系統(tǒng)的反饋增益矩陣為: ? ? 14 4 3 3 2 2 1 1K a a a a T? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? (3) 確定使?fàn)顟B(tài)方程變?yōu)榭煽貥?biāo)準(zhǔn)型的變換矩陣 T : T MW? 式中: 230 1 0 01 0 0 00 3 0 3 0 0M B AB A B A B?????????????? 3 2 12111 0 29 .4 0 11 0 29 .4 0 1 01 0 0 0 1 0 01 0 0 0 1 0 0 0a a aaaWa?? ? ? ?? ? ? ??? ? ? ???? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? 于是可以得到: 29 .4 0 1 00 29 .4 0 10 0 3 00 0 0 3T M W???????????? 10. 03 4 0 0. 01 13 00 0. 03 4 0 0. 01 130 0 0. 33 3 00 0 0 0. 33 3T ?????????? (4) 狀態(tài)反饋增益矩陣 K 為: ? ?? ?? ?14 4 3 3 2 2 1 10 .0 3 4 0 0 .0 1 1 3 00 0 .0 3 4 0 0 .0 1 1 31 6 0 0 0 7 2 0 0 1 9 6 2 9 .4 2 4 00 0 0 .3 3 3 00 0 0 0 .3 3 35 4 .4 2 1 8 2 4 .4 8 9 8 9 3 .2 7 3 9 1 6 .1 6 3 3K a a a a T? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ???? ? ? 得到控制量為: 5 4 . 4 2 1 8 2 4 . 4 8 9 8 9 3 . 2 7 3 9 1 6 . 1 6 3 3u K X x x ??? ? ? ? ? ? 在 MATLAB 的 Simulink 環(huán)境下,可以搭建如圖 52 所示的狀態(tài)反饋控制系統(tǒng)仿真 模型 。 (5) 需要的狀態(tài)反饋增益矩陣 K 由以下方程確定: ? ? 11 1 2 2 1 1n n n nK a a a a T? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? 極點(diǎn)配置及 MATLAB仿真 前面我們已經(jīng)得到了直線一級(jí)倒立擺的狀態(tài)空間模型,以小車(chē)加速度作為輸入的系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)方程為: 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 00 0 29 .4 0 3xxu??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 基于 MATLAB 的倒立擺控制系統(tǒng)仿真 23 1 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0xxxyu???????? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ??????? 于是有: 0 1 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 10 0 0A?????????,0103B???????????????, 1 0 0 00 0 1 0C ??? ????, 00D ??????? 對(duì)于如上所述的系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì)控制器,要求系統(tǒng)具有較短的調(diào)整時(shí)間(約 3 秒)和合適的阻尼(阻尼比 ?? )。 (2) 從矩陣 A 的特征多項(xiàng)式 111nn nnsI A s a s a s a? ?? ? ? ? ? ? 來(lái)確定 12,na a a 的值。 方程解為: 基于 MATLAB 的倒立擺控制系統(tǒng)仿真 22 ? ? ? ? ? ?0A BK tx t e x?? 可以看出,如果系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)完全可控, K 選擇適當(dāng),對(duì)于任意的初始狀態(tài),當(dāng) t 趨于無(wú)窮時(shí),都可以使 ??xt 趨于 0。 選擇控制信號(hào): u KX?? 求解上式,得到 ? ? ? ? ? ?x t A BK x t?? 閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)極點(diǎn)為 ABK 的特征值。 狀態(tài)空間分析 狀態(tài)反饋閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)原理圖如圖 51 所示。極點(diǎn)配置方法 如下所述:如果系統(tǒng)是完全可控的,那么可選擇期望設(shè)置的極點(diǎn),然后以這些極點(diǎn)作為閉環(huán)極點(diǎn)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng),利用狀態(tài)觀測(cè)器反饋全部或部分狀態(tài)變量,使所有的閉環(huán)極點(diǎn)落在各期望位置上,以滿足系統(tǒng)的性能要求。 極點(diǎn)配置是通過(guò)選擇一個(gè)狀態(tài)反饋矩陣,使閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的極點(diǎn)處于期望的位置上。當(dāng)采用狀態(tài)空間表達(dá)式來(lái)描述系統(tǒng)時(shí),由于狀態(tài)向量反映系統(tǒng)的所有內(nèi)外部信息,如果控制器采用狀態(tài)向量反饋實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的極點(diǎn)配置,就可以避免 基于 MATLAB 的倒立擺控制系統(tǒng)仿真 21 上述問(wèn)題,而且控制器是常數(shù)矩陣。而現(xiàn)代控制理論由于采用系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的狀態(tài)變 量來(lái)描述系統(tǒng)的物理特性,因而除了輸出反饋外,還經(jīng)常采用狀態(tài)反饋 ,因?yàn)樗芴峁└嗟男U畔⒑涂晒┻x擇的自由度,因而使系統(tǒng)容易獲得更為優(yōu)異的性能。 由經(jīng)典控制理論可知,閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)性能與閉環(huán)極點(diǎn)密切相關(guān),用調(diào)整開(kāi)環(huán)增益及引入串并、聯(lián)校正裝置來(lái)配置閉環(huán)極點(diǎn),以改善系統(tǒng)性能 。 現(xiàn)代控