【正文】 ——S 4A 4 (ISSAD)：A technique involving the development of simplified trial versions of an information system to be presented to users for the purpose of fine tuning their information requirements．——S 4A 4● (聯(lián)合應(yīng)用開發(fā)／快速應(yīng)用開發(fā)技術(shù))Joint Application Developlnent／Rapid Application Development JAD需要對使用者正式分派任務(wù)，使其成為開發(fā)小組成員。S 4A 4 (IS SAD)：A technique for salvaging old legacy systems through reverse engineering to recover processing logic and data structure in exisdng systems．This is followed by forward engineering where new，systems can be quickly generated with DBMS and CASE tools．——S 4 A 4●數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計(Database Design) 在實體、屬性、關(guān)系、存取方式等方面詳細說明數(shù)據(jù)庫的邏輯和物理結(jié)構(gòu)的方法。s information systems． These models for the basis for structured information systems development．——S 4A4● 軟件再工程(Software Reengineering) 在原有流程邏輯和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上進行再造，保留舊有系統(tǒng)的可繼承部分的一種技術(shù)。這些模型構(gòu)成了結(jié)構(gòu)化信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)。例如共同進行決策、 自行管理團隊等。 Model，ISSAD)：The notion of workfiow is rooted in the idea that business processes are sets of tasks done in prescribed order that incorporate information from various sources．There are three types of worknows：casebased，general，and ad hoc． The goal of workfiow design is to make the relationships between people，procedures， information，tasks，and management explicit．——S 4A 1 S 4A 4● 基于團隊的組織設(shè)計(Tearnbased Organizational Design) 這種方法基于特定的假設(shè)％作的完成依賴于一組人員的整體協(xié)作，協(xié)作的效果來自于人們是否有共同的目標，是否這種共同的目標促使人彳門相互信任和相互尊重。工作流設(shè)計的目標就是理／頂人、流程、信息、任務(wù)、管理之間的關(guān)系。 Model，Org. Analysis)：Originally developed by Peter Checkland(1981)for structuring unstructured problems and defining user requirements，the technique requires ahigh degree of participation in first painting a detailed or rich picture，of a real world problem．Next，using system thinking，disengaged analysis requires the development of alternative conceptual models of shouldbe processes．Finally，the parison and mtegrauon of these real world and imaginary processes are discussed to discover a new course of action．——S 4A 1 S 4A 3 S 5 A 1● 工作流設(shè)計(Workflow Design) 業(yè)務(wù)流程是由一系列任務(wù)構(gòu)成的，這些任務(wù)按照指定的順序進行，使得來自不同信息源頭的信息能夠整合，這是工作流概念的考慮思路。最后，通過對實際世界和想象 流程的比較和整合，發(fā)現(xiàn)新的解決流程。這通過種技術(shù)在最初對現(xiàn)實情況進行細詳盡描述和細節(jié)說明時，需要用戶高度的參與。 (Capture amp。 兩個系統(tǒng)必須有效結(jié)合以達到最優(yōu)(Pava，1983)。崗位設(shè) 計所產(chǎn)生的新機會(如授權(quán)員工參與更多的決策)作)，與流程重組有著密切關(guān)系。 (capture amp。For business processes，implementation conlmitments are the basis for munications in stomersupplier relationships． Examples Ofspeech—acts includerequest，offer，agreement，withdraw，counteroger，report Completion，etc．——S 3A 1 S 4A 3 S 4A 1 S 4A 4● 員工小組態(tài)度觀念評估(Employee and Team Attitude Opinion Assessment) 通過心理測試工具對工作滿意度、組織約束程度、員工對于流程重組后的新設(shè)計的工作的態(tài)度進行評 估?！猄 3A1S 4A 3S 4A1S 4A4 (Capture amp。對于業(yè)務(wù)流 程，執(zhí)行時的承諾是客戶與供應(yīng)商進行交流的基礎(chǔ)。——S 3A1S 3A 2S 6 A 1 (Measurement)：A technique of establishing an allowed time standard to perform a given task based upon measurement of work content of the prescribed method，with due allowance for fatigue and unavoidable delays．Motion study is used to analyze the various body motions employed in doing a job for the purpose of eliminating ineffective movements and speeding effective movements．——S 3 A 1 S 3 A 2S 6A 1●語言交互建模(Speech Interaction Modeling) 由丁．Winograd和F．Flores(1986)建立的一門利用語言動作的暗示，建構(gòu)組織工作流程的方法。s questions and their sequence are preparedin advance，typically on a form． 一一S 2A 4 S 3A 1 S 6 A 1● 時間動作分析(Time Motion Study) 該技術(shù)需要建立一種已被通過的時間標準，在已給定的計量方法指導(dǎo)下，考慮可能出現(xiàn)的疲勞以及不可避免的因素，模擬特定工作內(nèi)容的特定任務(wù)。通常問題列在表格上。S 2A 4 S 3 A 1 S 6 A 1 Custonler Requirements)，Measurement)：A technique for collecting standardized responses from a group. A survey instrument should be constructed to elicit unbiased responses．——S 2 A 4 S 3 A 1 S 6 A 1● 焦點討論小組(Focus Group) 小組由業(yè)務(wù)流程所涉及的顧客組成，進行目標和實際流程績效信息的匯總。s responses and behaviors also change (Watzlavick， Weakland and Fisch，1974)．——S 2A1 S 5A1● 團隊建立技術(shù)(TeamBuildingTechniques) 包括四個典型層次——組織期(排除最初的交流障礙)，震蕩期(解決暗藏的關(guān)系造成的動蕩)，規(guī)范期(產(chǎn)生信任、一致性、 自由反饋)和執(zhí)行期(團隊成員誠實、具有創(chuàng)造性、可依賴、互相支持) ——S 2 A 2 S 5 A 1 (Org. Analysis)：These techniques involve four typical stages：forming (remove initial conmmnication inhibition)，torming(resolving turbulence related to hidd agenda)， norming (develop trust，onsensus，free flow of feedback) and performing (membcrs now are honest，creative，reliable，andsupportive of each other)．——S 2A 2S 5Al●調(diào)查(Survey) 一種用來收集組織標準回答的技術(shù)?！猄lA4 (Bus．Planning)：A technique for organizing the goal for a decision into a hierarchy of subgoals(Saaty，1980)，and a systematic procedure for making tradeoffs among these subgoals，which will provide the basis for determining the overall scores for various decision alternatives．——SlA4● 意義重釋法(Reframing) 一種通過改變一個人內(nèi)在的形態(tài)、理解事情的方式從而達到對問題理解的改變，以便能夠更好地接受新思想。——S 1 A 3 (Business Planning)：Based on the work of Davenport and Short(1990)，this technique is used to match IT capabilities to a certainprocess’reengineering requirements——S 1 A3●層次分析法(Analytical Hierarchy Process) 一種將決策目標分解成子目標層次的技術(shù)(Saaty，1980)，而且也是一種平衡子目標之間關(guān)系的流程方法。 (Measurement)：This technique is based on the theory that white collar workers perform activities which have different intrinsic Value to the organization．The approach focuses on how IT and process improvement canbe used to increase efficiency and effectiveness of white collar workers，by allowing them to perform higher value Work more frequently. (Kanevsky amp。s value activities．These can be classified as primary activities (inbound logistrics，operation，marketing，etc.) and support activities (human resource，technology management，etc.).——S 1A 2●價值分析(Value Analysis) 有一種理論認為，不同的白領(lǐng)工作者所做的工作會給整個組織帶來不同的價值。 Millar (1985)，this technique involves a systematic evaluation of the flow of a pany39。價值活動一般分成9類，包括主要流程如后勤、運營、市場等，以及輔助流程如人力資源、技術(shù)管理等?！猄1A2 S 4A1 (Creative Thinking)：This technique seeks to eliminate the bandwagon effect of majority opinion in group meetings byissuinga sequence