【正文】 Expansion method is also known as rotary cutting method, the processing time for cutting tool and workpie。 ultraprecision machining is mainly used for aerospace, laser, electronics, nuclear energy needs of some of the extraordinary precision machining, the precision of up to IT4 above, such as turning mirror, mirror grinding, Polishing chemical mechanical polishing grain. Cutting, the workpiece machined surface is to rely on cutting tools and workpieces for relative movement to obtain. By surface methods can be divided into cutting tip locus, forming cutter method, generating method three. Tip trajectory method is to rely on tip relative to the trajectory surface, to obtain the required surface of the workpiece geometry, such as cylindrical turning, planing surface, cylindrical grinding, turning with a forming surface by mold and so on, tip trajectory depends on the machine tool cutting tools provided by the relative motion with the workpiece。 finishing with a fine cutting is a way to achieve high machining accuracy and surface surface quality, such as fine cars, fine planing, precision hinges, and fine grinding, finishing the final processing generally. Finishing after the process is finished, its purpose is to obtain a smaller surface roughness and slightly increased accuracy. Finishing of the machining allowance is small, such as honing, grinding, ultra fine grinding and super finishing, etc.。 30 years after the emergence of metalceramic and superhard materials (synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride), to further improve the cutting speed and precision. With the continuous development of machine tools and cutting tools, precision cutting, efficiency and automation are continuously improving and expanding application range, thus greatly promoting the development of modern machinery manufacturing industry. Cutting of metal materials have many classifications have mon characteristics by technology, by material removal rate and machining accuracy, surface forming method according to three types of classification. Features cutting process depends on the structure of the cutting tool and cutting tool and workpiece relative motion form. So according to these processes, cutting general can be divided into: turning, milling, drilling, boring, reaming, planing, slotting, broaching, sawing, grinding, grinding, honing, super finishing, polishing, Gear, Worm processing, thread processing, ultraprecision machining, bench and scrape so. By material removal rate and machining precision, machining can be divided into roughing, semi finishing, finishing, finishing processing, modification processing, ultraprecision processing. Roughing depth of cut is large, go through one or a few knife, cut away from the work most or all of the allowances of the processing methods, such as rough turning, rough planing, rough milling, drilling and sawing, etc. , roughing and high efficiency but low accuracy, normally used for preprocessing。s cutting speed than the allowable carbon tool steel and alloy tool steel cutter for more than triple, to 25 m / min or so。 to the 19th century, 70s, began cutting the use of electricity. Principles of metal cutting began in the 19th century 5039。 the late Shang Dynasty (12th century BC), have used bronze drill bit and drill a hole in Bogu。 different forms of tool structure and cutting movement, constitute a different cutting method. Blade shape and edge with a fixed number of both methods of cutting tools for turning, drilling, boring, milling, planing, broaching, and sawing, etc.。切割時可用圓鋸片加磨料和水；外圓和端面可采用負前角的硬質(zhì)合金車刀，以10～30米／分的切削速度車削；鉆孔可用硬質(zhì)合金鉆頭；大的石料平面可用硬質(zhì)合金刨刀或滾切刨刀刨削；精密平滑的表面，可用三塊互為基準對研的方法，或磨削和拋光的方法獲得。對厚度在三毫米以下的玻璃板，最簡單的切割方法是用金剛石或其他堅硬物質(zhì)，在玻璃表面手工刻劃，利用刻痕處的應(yīng)力集中，即可用手折斷。　　玻璃（包括鍺、硅等半導(dǎo)體材料）的硬度高而脆性大。故切削塑料時，宜用高速鋼或硬質(zhì)合金刀具，選用小的進給量和高的切削速度，并用壓縮空氣冷卻?！　∧静闹破返那邢骷庸ぶ饕诟鞣N木工機床上進行，其方法主要有：鋸切、刨切、車削、銑削、鉆削和砂光等。高頻振動切削也稱超聲波振動切削，有助于減小刀具與工件之間的摩擦，降低切削溫度，減小刀具的粘著磨損，從而提高切削效率和加工表面質(zhì)量，刀具壽命約可提高40%?！　≌駝忧邢魇茄氐毒哌M給方向，附加低頻或高頻振動的切削加工，可以提高切削效率。與高速切削比較，強力切削的切削溫度較低，刀具壽命較長，切削效率較高；缺點是加工表面較粗糙?！　娏η邢髦复筮M給或大切深的切削加工，一般用于車削和磨削。采用高速切削（或磨削）既可提高效率，又可減小表面粗糙度。常用的高效切削加工方法有高速切削、強力切削、等離子弧加熱切削和振動切削等。要提高切削加工質(zhì)量，必須對上述各方面采取適當(dāng)措施，如減小機床工作誤差、正確選用切削工具、提高毛坯質(zhì)量、合理安排工藝、改善環(huán)境條件等。18世紀后期，切削加工精度以毫米計；20世紀初，；至50年代，切削加工精度已達微米級；70年代?！　∏邢骷庸べ|(zhì)量主要是指工件的加工精度和表面質(zhì)量（包括表面粗糙度、殘余應(yīng)力和表面硬化）?！　〉都廛壽E法是依靠刀尖相對于工件表面的運動軌跡，來獲得工件所要求的表面幾何外形，如車削外圓、刨削平面、磨削外圓、用靠模車削成形面等，刀尖的運動軌跡取決于機床所提供的切削工具與工件的相對運動；　　成形刀具法簡稱成形法，是用與工件的最終表面輪廓相匹配的成形刀具，或成形砂輪等加工出成形面，如成形車削、成形銑削和成形磨削等，由于成形刀具的制造比較困難，因此一般只用于加工短的成形面；　　展成法又稱滾切法，是加工時切削工具與工件作相對展成運動，刀具和工件的瞬心線相互作純滾動，兩者之間保持確定的速比關(guān)系，所獲得加工表面就是刀刃在這種運動中的包絡(luò)面，齒輪加工中的滾齒、插齒、剃齒、珩齒和磨齒等均屬展成法加工?！　∏邢骷庸r，工件的已加工表面是依靠切削工具和工件作相對運動來獲得的。　　精整加工是在精加工后進行，其目的是為了獲得更小的表面粗糙度，并稍微提高精度?！　“床牧锨谐屎图庸ぞ?，切削加工可分為粗加工、半精加工、精加工、精整加工、修飾加工、超精密加工等?！　∏邢骷庸さ墓に囂卣鳑Q定于切削工具的結(jié)構(gòu)，以及切削工具與工件的相對運動形式。　　隨著機床和刀具的不斷發(fā)展，切削加工的精度、效率和自動化程度不斷提高，應(yīng)用范圍也日益擴大，從而大大促進了現(xiàn)代機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展。　　對金屬切削原理的研究始于19世紀50年代，對磨削原理的研究始于19世紀80年代，此后各種新的刀具材料相繼出現(xiàn)。如公元1668年，曾在畜力驅(qū)動的裝置上，用多齒刀具銑削天文儀上直徑達2丈（古丈）的大銅環(huán)，然后再用磨石進行精加工。在中國，早在商代中期（公元前13世紀），就已能用研磨的方法加工銅鏡；商代晚期（公元前12世紀），曾用青銅鉆頭在卜骨上鉆孔；西漢時期（公元前206～公元23），就已使用桿鉆和管鉆，用加砂研磨的方法在“金縷玉衣”的4000多塊堅硬的玉片上，鉆了18000多個直徑1～2毫米的孔。雖然毛坯制造精度不斷提高，精鑄、精鍛、擠壓、粉末冶金等加工工藝應(yīng)用日廣，但由于切削加工的適應(yīng)范圍廣，且能達到很高的精度和很低的表面粗糙度，在機械制造工藝中仍占有重要地位。用刃形和刃數(shù)都固定的刀具進行切削的方法有車削、鉆削、鏜削、銑削、刨削、拉削和鋸切等；用刃形和刃數(shù)都不固定的磨具或磨料進行切削的方法有磨削、研磨、珩磨和拋光等。　　任何切削加工都必須具備三個基本條件：切削工具、工件和切削運動。　　高速切削技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，使得硬質(zhì)合金模具的應(yīng)用范圍日益擴大，可目前高速切削技術(shù)的切削機理還沒有成型的理論，高速切削機床沒有得到大規(guī)模的應(yīng)用，現(xiàn)在購買一臺高速切削機床需要100－400萬元人民幣，一般的小型模具制作企業(yè)的資金不夠購買這樣昂貴的高速切削機床。1980, 09: 1530.[19] Huang Ming. The study of assembly technique in China[M]. ShangHai: Science Press, 2005:2119[20] ChenHong. The analysis of machine tool in China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2006:2021附 錄序號 圖 名 圖 號 圖 幅1 被加工零件工序圖 ZH1105W0101 A0 2 加工示意圖 ZH1105W0102 A0 3 機床總體尺寸聯(lián)系圖 ZH1105W0103 A0 5 夾具裝配圖 ZH1105W0202 A0 4 夾具體