【正文】 prediction about succession（ prediction不存在） ○The details of succession are affected be random process（對應(yīng) unpredictable和后面的原因，列舉很 多原因但可以概括為 random process） ○Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an envirnoment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at all.(第二段無 ) 2The word substantiated in the passage is closest in meaning to ○confirmed ○noticed ○defined ○publicized 3The word trend in the passage is closest in meaning to ○probability ○picture ○lawlike regularity ○tendency 第一段 Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated.(正面評價(jià)，引出負(fù)面評價(jià) ) A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. （正面評價(jià)和負(fù)面評價(jià)的具體化） Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, 。s arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large puters. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and lifehistory adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects. paragraph 2Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes. 1According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements39。 pay stimulated development, but also drove up prives, making it hard for local residents to afford goods and services(錯(cuò)誤 ) Though the army appropriated land and some goods, it also paid for many supplies, stimulating local economic growth 經(jīng)濟(jì) The forts contributed to the quality of local crafts by bringing in artisans from distant places who brought with them new skills and techniques（細(xì)節(jié)） Roman soldiers started families with local inhabitants, and over the generations, the military munity became a stable part of British 口 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems In the late nieenth century, ecology began to grow into an independent science from its roots in natural history and plant geography. The emphasis of this new munity ecology was on the position and structure of munities consisting of different species. In the early twentieth century, the American ecologist Frederic Clements pointed out that a succession of plant munities would develop after a disturbance such as a volcanic eruption, heavy flood, or forest fire. An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded successively by herbaceous plants (plants with little or no woody tissue), shrubs, and trees, eventually being a forest. Lightloving species are always among the first invaders, while shadetolerant species appear later in the succession. Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes. The final stage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictable or of uniform position. There is usually a good deal of turnover in species position, even in a mature munity. The nature of the climax is influenced by the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature natural environments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little through time unless the environment itself changes. For Clements, the climax was a superanism, an anic entity. Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements39。 otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. ■ Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas. 14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. To review passage. Click View Text The Roman army39。 otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. ■ Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas. 13Look at the four squares[■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor （ solution 對應(yīng)問題，從 When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied。