【正文】 51. The main stimulus to enterprise is the release of funds,now available for investment in the piOdUcuve siae of a business,which would otherwise need to be held in easily accessible reserves if the firm had not transferred the risk to an insurer. Medium and large firms would probably cieate reserve nmu, iOi: emergencies which might put their whole future viability in jeopardy. The premium payable to an insurer,however,would only be a small proportion of the fund required be。實質(zhì)上，互購貿(mào)易是不同時的商品和服務(wù)的直接交換。通常規(guī)定交易在一定時期內(nèi)完成，比如，五年內(nèi)。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer An offer remains valid until趴 stipulated time or until it is or rejected.，經(jīng)濟全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的一個客觀趨勢。In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its ine level since it provides s about the purchasing power of its residents.。 In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.，而降低生產(chǎn)成本是其考慮的一個重要方面。如果供應(yīng)商還從遙遠的國外供貨，他們將處于不利地位。隨著日本主要汽車制造商在美國建立汽車裝配廠，日本的零件供應(yīng)商也在美國建立工廠和倉庫，就是此類投資的一個例子。當(dāng)某一個公司的重要客戶從事對外直接投資、在國外市場建廠時，作為其零件供應(yīng)商或服務(wù)提供商，該公司很可能會追隨客戶也在國外投資。最后，即使一個國家可以以合理的成本生產(chǎn)足夠的產(chǎn)品滿足本國的需要，它仍可能為了革新或調(diào)劑品種而從別的國家進口一些。第二，一個國家往往沒有足夠多的某項產(chǎn)品來滿足其所需，而必須進口一些來滿足需要。首先，沒有一個國家能生產(chǎn)它所需要的全部產(chǎn)品。 The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increaSie the efficiency of the operation. 考前深度密押（一）50. International trade is the exchange of goods between nations. It took place for many reasons. The rirst is that no nation has all of the modities that it needs. Countries that lack some re sources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Second,a country not have enough of a particular item to meet iLs needs and has to import some to satisfy its requirement. Third ,one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries and will also buy what it needs from those countries that have a parative advantage in the desired items. Finally,even though a country can produce enough of an item at reasonable costs to meet its own demand,it may still import some from other countries for innovation or variety of style.國際貿(mào)易是國家之間進行的商品交換。Insurable interest holds that if the thing insured is preserved the insured will derive a benefit from its preservation.。 The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthiness of the bank.，損失的價值要比個人高得多，因此保險費也比一棟房子或者一輛車高出許多。即使無意犯了陳述的錯誤，保險公司還是受到了欺騙，保險單也就無效。假如有人說箱子里裝的是銅，但實際上是白金，那么將廉價金屬需要的保費用于貴重金就不合理。人們根據(jù)提議形式的書面聲明，決定某項保險費是否合理?？傊?，國際商務(wù)包括一個國家內(nèi)進行的所有的商務(wù)活動，只不過這些活動是在國際間進行的。 Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’ s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy. 全真模擬演練（八）50. International business is business conducted in more than one country, including buying and selling goods and services. Other international. Business activities include marketing, manuring, mining, and farming. In sum, international business is all the practices a business in a single country does,. but at the international level.國際商務(wù)是兩國或更多國家間進行的商務(wù)活動，包括買賣貨物和服務(wù)。這些貿(mào)易保護措施目前仍在一些國家盛行。The mercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity,unit price, and total price of the goods.、企業(yè)稅和其他稅收來籌集的。，并且是抑制通貨膨脹的重要手段。通過將利潤謹慎地再進行投資以獲取更多資源，跨國公司發(fā)展成強大的實體。它們努力得到必需的資源：原料、勞動力和資金，而且它{rf通過在世界范圍內(nèi)獲得更多資源，通過全球范圍內(nèi)的合作獲得發(fā)展。! up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries,cornpa nies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent pany. Like all corporations,MNCs are organized according to the goals they set for themselves. They strive to retain access to the neces sary resources:raw material,rnanpower,and capital. Furthermore,they try to grow through global cooperation by increasing their access to world resources. This leads them to expand their foreign market position,in other words,to increase their market share. MNCs grew into strong entities by reinvesting their profits prudently so as to further increase access to resources. They had to hire more and more talented local people abroad,and they had to purchase raw materials in foreign countries.多數(shù)跨國公司都是由很多國外子公司組成的，母公司擁有子公司50% 以上的股份。必須公開每個實質(zhì)性的事項并根據(jù)每一批貨物的情況來決定“實質(zhì)性的”事項是什么。The International Stock Exchange provides a a ca chchanel through which the savings can reach those who need Unance. 全真模擬演練(七)50. Proposal forms are not custonuuy in cargo insurance,but many firmB do use a. transit appli cation form which lists the information they require. Since thefullest information reduces the pos sibility of any breach of utmost good faith,it is better to supply full details than to restrict oneself to the bare ruinimurn. Every material circumstance must be disclosed and what is “material” will depend upon the facts of every consignment.貨物保險習(xí)慣上雖不使用建議書，但許多公司的礁使舟過渡性的申請書列出他們所需的信息。A counteroffer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payment, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer.，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。In our world today,the multinational enterprises are very important vehicles for the transfer of resources are very important vehicles for the transfer of resources across national boundaries.。對合同責(zé)任認識的提高、經(jīng)驗的豐富和依法實施的改善將有可能意味著越來越多地使用更長期、更復(fù)雜詳細的交易合同。經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和市場的發(fā)展也許意味著產(chǎn)生對銷貿(mào)易的環(huán)境正在變化從而減少了對銷貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的頻率。51. The practical advantages exist due to the peculiar environment within which counter trade usually takes place. They quite likely disappear when the environment changesas is happening now in many countries. Restructuring and the development of markets may therefore mean that the environment within which counter trade usually takes place is changing so as to reduce its frequency. Reduced ownership restrictions are likely to shift the organizational forms toward joint ventures and whollyowned enterprises毛ich, possess production facilities. Improved knowledge, experience, and legal enforcement of con raractual oblig