【正文】 拼一個春夏秋冬！贏一個無悔人生！早安！—————獻(xiàn)給所有努力的人.學(xué)習(xí)參考。不奮斗就是每天都很容易，可一年一年越來越難。是狼就要練好牙，是羊就要練好腿。 A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the Conference. （5）貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會是聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)。 （4）國際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達(dá)國家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易方面的優(yōu)惠。 In the absence of effective agreements, pulsory and automatic pensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings. （2）在沒有有效協(xié)議的情況下，一旦出口收入下降，應(yīng)立即采用強(qiáng)制的自動的補(bǔ)救措施。 一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競爭來自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險業(yè)，還有一部分來自于一些國家所采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施。The WTO dispute settlement system is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law.WTO爭端解決機(jī)制是當(dāng)今國際水準(zhǔn)上的最為活躍的體系而且對國際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。The GATT system (now WTO) was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds it originally had three basic goals.加入世界貿(mào)易組織對中國有益，因為它將促進(jìn)中國的改革和發(fā)展，提高商品和服務(wù)質(zhì)量，降低商品成本和服務(wù)費(fèi)用，刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會，改善法則。The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issue and trading of securities國際股票交易所提供了一種途徑，使人們的存款能夠為那些需要資金的人所利用。The Unlisted Securities Market is created to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature panies政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory to increase efficiency.國外直接投資主要有三種形式：建立新企業(yè)、購買現(xiàn)有設(shè)放和建立合資公司。Controlling cost is the first major motivation for engaging in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.直接在國外經(jīng)營提高一個公司產(chǎn)品的能見度，使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧λ麄兯徺I的商品更加放心。Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對外投資的主要動機(jī)之一。To carry out this mandate, MIGA offers investors guarantees against nonmercial risks。The loans of this bank are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth.國際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會員國提供中期貸款。The mon objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.國際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。 Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract shortterm international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.5. 外匯匯率有三種形式，即：買進(jìn)匯率、售出匯率和兩者的平均值——中間匯率。因為中央銀行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對貨幣價格進(jìn)行干涉。 Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.2. 1944年44國在美國布雷頓森林舉行會議簽署了協(xié)議，計劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實現(xiàn)更好的合作。thecausetheisriskifthenotpany The (5)10%.percentage,anpremium,theplusinvoicedincludespayable The (4)occurred.theinhepositionthelosssufferedwhoawhichisof A (3)voidable.thedeceivedstillunderwriterunintentional,misstatementthough從而保險合同無效。 (2)entertained.notitmadeanyinvalidittoinsurablewithoutinsurance而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會被受理。Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.Lesson 16 (1) h, B( o/ D. `8 yThe main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.8 q1 M, [. 6 | N, ?: R。 S39。C: Z, A8 A! f% o _2 t S(4) 企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可能騰出資金，進(jìn)行其他項目的投資。In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.! L iEven under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.3 J2 y! f7 d7 N. x(3) 對企業(yè)來說損失的價值要比個人高很多。 Z% E(2) 即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險費(fèi)來轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險，而不愿面對不確定的風(fēng)險損失。 Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others. ?6 d3 z。 Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of justintime inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.Lesson 15 (1) 保險是一種風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。 As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally selfsufficient munity.5．最近幾年運(yùn)輸能引人注目的另一個因素就是越來越多的使用零庫存系統(tǒng)。 The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them parative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.3．過去10年，公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來越大。 There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportati