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可能的文化價值沖突? 個人主義 利益分析 挑戰(zhàn)竟爭 坦率直接 現(xiàn)在時觀 平等觀念 (領(lǐng)導 vs. 政府) 懷疑權(quán)威 。對本團體貶損,實際上是對自己團體弱點和不足的接受和承認,與團體自尊心無關(guān),也沒有心理變態(tài)的后果。 Peng, 2022 對反饋信息的反應 正面一致性反饋 You are very social and expressive…you are very energetic…assertive. 負面一致性反饋 You are very social…h(huán)owever, you frequently talk too much…people view you as pushy. 正面不一致性反饋 You are very quiet…you are fortable spending time alone…people view you as strong, independent. 父母不一致性反饋 You are very quiet…you may bee lonely, you may be viewed as aloof, cold, and distant. 對反饋信息的反應變化 C o n s i s t e n t I n c o n s i s t e n tChange in extraversionUS C h i n aSpencerRodgers, Boucher, Mori, Wang, amp。水隨處流淌,但它能摧堅破硬。 2022,2022) 辯證自我 ―像水一樣 無形無狀。 B:但有研究表明舊金山的氣溫變化與北京蝴蝶的活動沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。 Nisbett, 1999 00 . 511 . 522 . 533 . 544 . 5N o n d i a l e c ti c a l D i a l e c ti c a lA me r i c a nCh i n e s ePreference Index 文化與辯證思維 : 矛盾信息判斷 參考文獻: Peng amp。 2022第十一期 樸素認識論的東西方差異 (Nisbett, Peng, Choi, Norenzayan, 《 心理學評論 》 , 2022) ? 西方人的樸素認識論強調(diào)本質(zhì) , 恒定 , 特性 , 對象 ? 東方人的樸素認識論強調(diào)變易 , 矛盾 , 共性 , 背景 ? 整體性思維與分析性思維 Han Dynasty Calculations 陰和陽的 科學 起源 陰陽圖的科學起源 樸素辯證思維的普遍性 Peng amp。 中國人的樸素辯證主義 (Na239。 Cacioppo, 1986) ? 中央路徑 The central route – focus on contents, reasons and arguments ? 邊緣路徑 The peripheral route – use peripheral cues, such as images, feelings and impulses. 文化市場的心理學理論 心理分析理論 (欲望的滿足) 特征匹配理論( AIO) 活動 (activities), 工作,等等 興趣 (interests), 愛好,等等 看法 (opinions),立場,等等 欲望的滿足 特征匹配 說服的 3 Rs ? 說理 Reasons: let others realized why and how it is consistent with their values and interests. More willings, but time consuming, and goals and interests are not always consistent. ? 互惠 Reciprocity Do something for exchange. Less resentment, easy to explain, but overt exchange, too instructmental ? 報復 Retaliate: Force others to do what you want them to do. Speedy, effect, direct, but prohibit individual initives, creativity, resentment, insecurity, threaten. 為什么說理有用 ? ? 一致性 Consistency ? 自我效能 Self efficacy ? 承諾 Promise How people use them to against us? low ball, foot in the door, 為什么邊緣路徑有用 ? ? 社會關(guān)系 Social relations ? 社會關(guān)系的陷阱 How people use them to against us? highlow, prise 價值觀的差異 : 美國廣告 ? 價值觀的差異 : 亞洲的廣告 ? 人參一品,千年滋味 ( Our ginseng drink is produced according to the methods of a thousandyearold tradition) ? 給在家的太太帶一絲清風 (Bring a fresh breeze to your wife at home ) ? 本公司愿為和諧社會盡綿薄之力 (our pany is working toward building a harmonious society) ? 千人響應,萬眾同心 (Tens of thousands people are using th product) ? 為了我們的下一代 (Do it for our children) 邊緣路徑線索 滿足需求 Satisfying need 社會暗示 Social and prestige suggestion 熱點詞和形象 Loaded words and images 說什么 ? ? 好事正面說 ? 壞事反面說 Classroom activity: Nosmoking, exercise, medical exams, use mouth washing, visit Berkeley, dating… Which is better? ? 法國著名的科學家和哲學家帕斯卡在其《 思想錄 》 中曾經(jīng)寫到, “ 人們更容易相信他們自己發(fā)現(xiàn)的理由,而不是別人告訴他的理由 ” Nonverbal behaviors 非言語行為的分類 Ekman and Friesen’s (1969) classification ? 演示動作 Illustrators ? 適應性動