【正文】
11 / 11。微生物農(nóng)藥,是利用微生物及其代謝產(chǎn)物來防治植物病蟲害的一種制劑,它是通過篩選植物病原體的拮抗微生物,用人工方法培養(yǎng)、收集、提取而制成的對人畜安全無毒、選擇性強(qiáng)、不傷害天敵、不污染環(huán)境的微生物制劑。167。167。167。167。The field of microbiology application: 167??乖贵w反應(yīng)的特點是特異性、可逆性、比例性和階段性和條件依賴性。根據(jù)Ig重鏈血清學(xué)的不同;Ig的型別(type)和亞型(subtype) 224。近對稱軸的一對較長的肽鏈稱為重鏈(H鏈),外側(cè)一對較短的肽鏈稱為輕鏈(L鏈)。 Antibody(抗體):An antibody is glycoprotein that is made in response to an antigen, and can recognize and bind to the antigen that caused its production. 1962年Edelman G提出了Ig(免疫球蛋白)的Y型四鏈結(jié)構(gòu)。 半抗原的種類:復(fù)合半抗原和簡單半抗原。 不完全抗原(inplete antigen):又稱為半抗原(hapten),指缺乏免疫原性而具有免疫反應(yīng)性的物質(zhì)。 體液免疫:機(jī)體受抗原刺激后,來源于骨髓的一類小淋巴細(xì)胞(B細(xì)胞)進(jìn)行增殖并分化為漿細(xì)胞,由它合成抗體兵釋放到體液中以發(fā)揮其免疫作用。根據(jù)參與的免疫活性細(xì)胞的種類和功能的不同,免疫應(yīng)答又可分為:細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫兩類。免疫應(yīng)答(immune response):是指一類發(fā)生在活生物體內(nèi)的特異性免疫的系列反應(yīng)過程。 免疫活性細(xì)胞(immunologically petent cell),特指能特異地識別抗原,即能接受抗原的刺激,并隨后進(jìn)行分化、增殖和產(chǎn)生抗體或淋巴因子,以發(fā)揮特異性免疫應(yīng)答的一類細(xì)胞群。 中樞免疫器官(central immune organ):免疫細(xì)胞發(fā)生、分化和成熟的場所。 干擾素(interferons, IFNs):干擾素是高等動物細(xì)胞在病毒或dsRNA等誘生劑的刺激下,所產(chǎn)生的一種具有高活性、廣譜抗病毒等功能的特異性糖蛋白。具有能擴(kuò)大和增強(qiáng)抗體的“補(bǔ)助”作用。 (3) 免疫穩(wěn)定(immunologic serveillance)。The function of immune include: (免疫功能具體包括) (1)免疫防御(immunologic defence)。 外毒素(exotoxin): An exotoxin is a toxin excreted by a microorganism, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism.類毒素(toxoid):%%甲醛溶液對外毒素進(jìn)行脫毒處理,可以獲得失去毒性但仍然保留其原有免疫原性的生物制品,稱之為類毒素.抗毒素:將類毒素注射機(jī)體后,可使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生對相應(yīng)外毒素具有免疫性的抗體,稱之為~ 內(nèi)毒素(endotoxin): 是革蘭氏陰性菌細(xì)胞壁外層的組分之一,其化學(xué)成分是脂多糖,因其在活細(xì)胞中不分泌到體外,僅在細(xì)菌死亡后自溶或人工裂解時才釋放,故稱之為內(nèi)毒素。 人畜共患?。╖oonotic disease):能夠在人類與其他脊椎動物間發(fā)生自然轉(zhuǎn)移的傳染病。傳染(infection): 指外源或內(nèi)源性病原體突破其宿主的三道免疫防線(指機(jī)械防御、非特異性免疫和特異性免疫)后,在宿主的特定部位定植、生長繁殖或(和)產(chǎn)生酶及毒素,從而引起一系列病理生理的過程。根圈微生物對植物生長的影響:(一)根圈微生物對植物生長的有益影響A, 改善植物營養(yǎng);B, 根圈微生物分泌的維生素、氨基酸、生長刺激素等生長調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)能促進(jìn)植物的生長;C, 根圈微生物分泌的抗菌素類物質(zhì),有利于作物避免土著性病原菌的侵染;D, 產(chǎn)生鐵載體,競爭鐵素,抑制有害微生物生長繁殖。根圈效應(yīng)(rhizosphere effect): 同根圈外土壤中的微生物群落相比,生活在植物根圈中的微生物,在數(shù)量、種類和活性方面都有明顯不同,表現(xiàn)出一定特異性,這種現(xiàn)象稱為根圈效應(yīng)。根瘤菌同豆科植物的共生——根瘤;真菌同植物的共生——菌根。寄生:一種微生物在另一種微生物細(xì)胞中或表面,從后者獲得養(yǎng)料,引起病害或死亡。拮抗:一種微生物通過產(chǎn)生特殊代謝產(chǎn)物或改變環(huán)境條件來抑制或殺死另一種微生物的現(xiàn)象。Commensalism(共生): [Latin , together, and mensa, table] is a relationship in which one symbiont, the mensal, benefits while the other (sometimes called the host) is neither harmed nor helped. This is a unidirectional process.微生物之間的對抗:競爭(petition)、拮抗(antagonism)、寄生(parasitism)和捕食(predation)。共生固氮:微生物只有同植物共生時才能表現(xiàn)固氮活性。(見PPT)根據(jù)固氮微生物同植物的關(guān)系和固氮的環(huán)境,一般將固氮作用分為3個類型:自生固氮:微生物獨(dú)自生活時進(jìn)行固氮。 英文概念:Transformation is the uptake by a cell of a naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium.The transformation frequency of very petent cells is around 103 for most genera when an excess of DNA is used.Artificial transformation is carried out in the laboratory by a variety of techniques, including treatment of the cells with calcium chloride(氯化鈣)Transduction(轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)):Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes by viruses. Bacterial genes are incorporated into a phage capsid because of errors made during the virus life cycle. The virus containing these genes then injects them into another bacterium, pleting the transfer.There are two very different kinds of transduction: generalized transduction (普遍性轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo))and specialized transduction(特異性轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo))Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of virulent and temperate phages and can transfer any part of the bacterial genome. During the assembly stage, when the viral chromosomes are packaged into protein capsids, random fragments of the partially degraded bacterial chromosome also may be packaged by mistake (誤包)Transposition (轉(zhuǎn)座):The chromosomes of bacteria, viruses, and eucaryotic cells contain pieces of DNA that move around the genome. Such movement is called transposition.Transposable elements (轉(zhuǎn)座因子):DNA segments that carry the genes required for this process and consequently move about chromosomes are transposable elements.轉(zhuǎn)座子的類型及轉(zhuǎn)座的遺傳效應(yīng)。許多化學(xué)物質(zhì)能抑制或殺死微生物,根據(jù)其效應(yīng)可以分為:滅菌(sterilization)、消毒(disinfection)和防腐(antisepsis).滅菌:利用物理或化學(xué)方法殺死所有微生物及其芽孢、孢子的措施; 消毒:指殺死所有病原微生物; 防腐:是指防止或抑制微生物的生長繁殖。} Oxygen。Factors affecting microbial growth:} Temperature。C. Agar is also an excellent hardening agent because most microorganisms cannot degrade it.Types of Media:general purpose media;enriched (加富)media;Selective media;Differential media.Differential media (鑒別培養(yǎng)基):Differential media are media that distinguish between different groups of bacteria and even permit tentative identification of microorganisms based on their