【正文】 要減少違約的發(fā)生，必須加大對(duì)違約的懲罰力度，增加違約人的違約成本，嚴(yán)肅懲處逃廢銀行債務(wù)的企業(yè)及其負(fù)責(zé)人。應(yīng)建立中小企業(yè)信用信息平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)中小企業(yè)信用管理監(jiān)督社會(huì)化。針對(duì)目前社會(huì)信用淡薄的問(wèn)題，應(yīng)盡快建立健全中小企業(yè)信用體系，加強(qiáng)信用文化建設(shè)。 三是培育良好的信用環(huán)境。黨的十六屆三中全會(huì)也明確提出了深化金融企業(yè)改革的目標(biāo)，要把商業(yè)銀行改造成資本充足、內(nèi)控嚴(yán)密、運(yùn)營(yíng)安全、服務(wù)效益良好的現(xiàn)代金融企業(yè)，并選擇有條件的國(guó)有商業(yè)銀行實(shí)行股份制改造，加快處置不良資產(chǎn)，充實(shí)資本金，創(chuàng)造條件上市。二是深化商業(yè)銀行改革，完善金融企業(yè)制度。對(duì)國(guó)有中小企業(yè)實(shí)行積極的退出戰(zhàn)略，走改制重組道路；對(duì)私營(yíng)企業(yè)要引導(dǎo)資本社會(huì)化方向，改變家族式管理方式，吸收現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度和管理制度的要素；對(duì)于集體企業(yè)要推動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)改革，明晰產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系。而建立現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度，提高自身素質(zhì)是解決中小企業(yè)貸款難的重要途徑。一是完善中小企業(yè)制度，健全治理結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，一些銀行在強(qiáng)化內(nèi)控制度的同時(shí)，缺乏開展信貸營(yíng)銷的技術(shù)手段和激勵(lì)機(jī)制，只是簡(jiǎn)單地采取以抵押擔(dān)保為主的信貸配給手段，不注重培育有發(fā)展前景的中小企業(yè)，在一定程度上加重了中小企業(yè)的融資困難。在銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)管理方面，隨著銀行商業(yè)化、市場(chǎng)化程度不斷加深，銀行與企業(yè)之間的平等市場(chǎng)交易主體的地位不斷增強(qiáng)，銀行防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)機(jī)制不斷增強(qiáng)，尤其是1998年?yáng)|南亞金融危機(jī)之后，金融體系的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題受到中央政府的高度重視?？梢?jiàn)，沒(méi)有制度保障和企業(yè)信用意識(shí)支撐，組建再多的銀行也不能解決中小企業(yè)貸款難問(wèn)題，而只能加大金融體系的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在金融體制方面，我國(guó)銀行業(yè)經(jīng)過(guò)多年的改革，基本形成了以國(guó)有獨(dú)資商業(yè)銀行為主體、多種銀行機(jī)構(gòu)共同發(fā)展的局面。此外，由于許多中小企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)信息不透明，信用意識(shí)淡薄，加大了銀行貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)性過(guò)剩，多年的賣方市場(chǎng)的格局轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橘I方市場(chǎng)，國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中更加強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，更加重視經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和資源環(huán)境之間的和諧統(tǒng)一。目前，很多私營(yíng)中小企業(yè)仍實(shí)行家族式管理的企業(yè)治理結(jié)構(gòu)；國(guó)有中小企業(yè)的治理結(jié)構(gòu)與傳統(tǒng)的大型國(guó)有企業(yè)沒(méi)有什么本質(zhì)差別；一部分鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)集體企業(yè)具有老國(guó)企的弊端，一部分演變成家族式企業(yè)；而所謂的改制企業(yè)有許多還不規(guī)范，尤其是有一些企業(yè)改制的目的就是逃廢銀行債務(wù)，真正具有現(xiàn)代企業(yè)特征的有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司和外資企業(yè)占比較低。我國(guó)中小企業(yè)在經(jīng)過(guò)20世紀(jì)80、90年代的粗放型快速增長(zhǎng)后，仍停留在傳統(tǒng)的企業(yè)管理方式上，企業(yè)制度更新滯后。我國(guó)中小企業(yè)融資難除了一般性原因外，還有其特殊的一面，主要是經(jīng)濟(jì)金融體制變遷過(guò)程中，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的微觀運(yùn)行基礎(chǔ)不完善所帶來(lái)的制度摩擦。以美國(guó)為例，1998年末，％，許多中小企業(yè)由于各種原因難以得到銀行貸款。盡管采取了這些措施，目前中小企業(yè)仍反映銀行貸款難，原因何在？應(yīng)該說(shuō)，中小企業(yè)融資困難并不是現(xiàn)在才有的問(wèn)題，也不是我國(guó)獨(dú)有的問(wèn)題。截至2003年6月末，％。s breach penalty. To reduce the breach, must increase the penalty for breach of breach, increasing costs, serious breach of bank debt evasion of punishment. Enterprise and its　促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展，是貨幣政策傳導(dǎo)鏈中的重要一環(huán)，與中央銀行的貨幣政策目標(biāo)息息相關(guān)。s small and mediumsized enterprises widespread financial system is not perfect, financial report authenticity and accuracy, low to safeguard the interests of Banks, these are often not sound corporate governance structure. And the establishment of a modern enterprise system, improve their quality is difficult to solve the sme loans. The system of small and mediumsized enterprises should promote socialization, realize the diversity and rationalization of governance structure. Stateowned small and mediumsized enterprises to implement active exit strategy, the restructuring road, The private enterprise shall guide, change the direction of social capital, absorb managing mode of modern enterprise system and management system elements, For collective enterprises to promote property right reform, property right relations. Should standardize finance system, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, enterprises can correctly reflect the financial status, increase the transparency of financial system.Second, deepening reform of mercial Banks, perfecting the system of financial enterprises. To change the bank in small and mediumsized enterprises in the loan, we must deepen constraint conditions of mercial Banks, to establish a modern financial reform enterprise system. Third plenary session will definitely put forward deepen the reform goal of financial enterprises, mercial Banks into sufficient capital, strict internal control, safe operations, the service efficiency of modern financial enterprise, good conditions and choose of stateowned mercial Banks, accelerate the shareholding system executes dispose nonperforming assets, enrich the capital market and create conditions. Currently, mercial Banks should improve internal control mechanism, raise the risk management technique, based on the development of credit, simplified examination varieties, raises the service level, to meet the requirements of small and mediumsized enterprises reasonable. The third is to cultivating good credit environment. Smes39。s banking through years of reform, the basic form of the wholly stateowned mercial Banks with multiple Banks as the main body, the munal development situation. To solve the city, small and mediumsized enterprises in China loans in the 1980s also CengJianLi large urban credit cooperatives, 1989 3330 to end city more quantity, but due to the credit system is not perfected and the enterprise itself is serious, the enforcement of nonperforming loans, 1990 and 1993 after two rectification, still no obvious improvement, 1995 started to form into a city in city mercial bank credit. Obviously, there is no system security and enterprise credit consciousness, support more bank loans to small and mediumsized enterprises cannot solve the problem, and can increase the risk of the financial system. At the same time, a wholly stateowned mercial Banks are not pletely marketization reform, and modern enterprise system, the financial gap, concentrated expression for the incentiverestricted mechanism imperfect and business objectives, the influence on the market a lot of sensitivity, cannot adapt to reflect the characteristics of small and mediumsized enterprise capital requirements.In the bank with bank management, mercial, marketization, Banks and enterprises constantly deepen the equality between the market main body status unceasingly strengthens, bank risk prevention mechanism unceasing enhancement, especially after the southeast Asian financial crisis in 1998, the financial system of the central government risk problem seriously. In order to reduce the banking industry, mercial Banks nonperforming loans management mode of extensive changes, taxes, strict loan programs and conditions of loans to panies, financial and credit standing, and required to provide guaranty and guarantee. However,