【正文】 D S S1 奢侈品 價格 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 106 8． Adjustment Time, I ? short run: time horizon within which a buyer cannot adjust at least one item of consumption/usage ? long run: time horizon long enough to adjust all items of consumption/usage 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 107 Adjustment Time, II ? For nondurable items, the longer the time that buyers have to adjust, the bigger will be the response to a price change. ? For durable items, a countervailing effect (that is, the replacement frequency effect) leads demand to be relatively more elastic in the short run. 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 108 0 5 longrun demand shortrun demand Quantity (Million units a month) Price ($ per unit) Longrun Vs Shortrun Demand 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 109 Item Factor Market Shortrun LongrunNondurablescigarettes price . liquor price ./Canada gaseline price . ine . 0 bus price London subway price London railway price Philadelphia Durablesautomobiles price . ine . 3 長期 Vs 短期彈性 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 110 六．供給 ? 代表性廠商的供給 ? 市場供給 ? 生產(chǎn)者剩余 ? 勞動供給 ? 供給的彈性分析 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 111 Graph of quantity that seller will supply at every possible price ? follows marginal cost curve ? slopes upward increasing marginal cost of production (or decreasing marginal return to inputs) Individual Supply 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 112 ? For every possible price, it shows the production/ delivery rate ? For each unit of item, it shows the minimum price that the seller is willing to accept Supply Curve: Two Views 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 113 Market Supply, I Graph of quantity that seller will supply at every possible price ? horizontal sum of individual supply curves 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 114 Market Supply, II ? lowest cost seller defines starting point ? gradually, blends in highercost sellers ? slopes upward 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 115 Market Supply Curve ? price movement along curve ? input prices and other factors shift curve 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 116 Seller Surplus ? Individual seller surplus = revenue a seller gets from a product production cost ? Market seller surplus = sum of individual seller surpluses 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 117 0 43 70 1 5 b c a d marginal cost marginal revenue = price individual seller surplus Production rate (Thousand dozens a week) Cost/revenue (Cents per dozen) Seller Surplus 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 118 Labor Supply ? marginal cost of labor benefit from alternative use of time ? with higher wage rate – some people work longer and harder – however, some might work less 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 119 Price Elasticity of Supply percentage by which quantity supplied will change if the price of the item rises by 1% ? usually, positive number ? supply more elastic with time 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 120 Item Horizon Price Elasticitydistillate short run gasoline short run pork long run tobacco long run 7 典型產(chǎn)品的供給彈性 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 121 七．市場均衡與效率 ? 價格上限對均衡的影響 ? 價格下限對均衡的影響 ? 稅收對均衡的影響 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 122 例： Shanghai Petrochem, 1994 ? profit = bill Yuan ? oil subsidy = bill Yuan – Govt supplied mill tonnes of oil at 689 Yuan – free market price 1100 Yuan 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 123 Price Ceiling Upper limit that sellers can charge and buyers can pay ? rent control ? regulated price for electricity 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 124 0 1100 290 300 310 supply demand b equilibrium excess demand Quantity (Thousand units a month) Price ($ per month) Rent Control: Equilibrium 1000 900 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 125 0 1100 290 300 310 supply demand b Quantity (Thousand units a month) Price ($ per month) Rent Control: Surpluses 1000 900 d g e buyer surplus gain = cfeg buyer surplus loss = dgb seller surplus loss = cfeg + geb c f 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 126 Price Floor Lower limit that sellers can charge and buyers can pay ? minimum wage ? agricultural price supports 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 127 State Minimum Wages $ . federal $ Massachusetts $ Hawaii $ DC $2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 128 0 8 10 11 supply demand a b c equilibrium excess supply Quantity (Billion workerhours a week) Wage ($ per hour) Minimum Wage: Equilibrium 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 129 0 8 10 11 supply demand a b c Quantity (Billion workerhours a week) Wage ($
。但郵政虧損從每年 47 億上升至 154 億元！ 駱品亮博士提供 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 104 例 7：奢侈品需求的驚人彈性 ? 征稅一般是不受歡迎的；但對奢侈品征稅是例外，通常被認為是一種不那么痛苦的賦稅。變成“有難同當(dāng)” 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 85 Product Market ElasticityAutomobilesChevette . Civic . 4Consumer productsmusic CDs Aus cigarettes . liquor . football games . Utilitieselectricity (residential) Quebec telephone service Spain water (residential) . water (industrial) . 典型產(chǎn)品需求的價格彈性 2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 86 2． Ine Elasticity, I Definition: percentage change in quantity demanded resulting from 1% increase in ine. Edi=（ ΔQ/Q） /（ ΔI/I） =（ dQ/dI）（ I/Q） ?正常品：收入彈性正 ?低級品：收入彈性負（糧食、蔬菜、馬鈴薯） Alternatively, n _ in c o m e% _ c h a n g e _ i_ d e m a n d edn _ q u a n t it y% _ c h a n g e _ i2021/11/11 《管理經(jīng)濟學(xué)》駱品亮 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 87 Item Market ElasticityConsumer productscigarettes . liquor . food . clothing . 1newspapers . Utilitieselectricity (residential) Quebec telephone service Spain 典型產(chǎn)品需求的收入彈性 2021/11/1