【正文】 Haloperidol (Haldol) – Antipsychotic 抗精神藥物 – Reduces aggression and stereotyped motor behavior 降低攻擊和刻板動(dòng)作的行為 – Does not improve language and interpersonal relationships 無法改善語言和人際關(guān)係 – Not all children respond 不是所有小孩都會(huì)有反應(yīng) – Potentially serious side effects 潛在嚴(yán)重的副作用 。 Sons, NY 51 Treatment of Autistic Disorder 自閉兒童的治療 ? Intensive operant conditioning (Lovaas, 1987) 密集的操作制約治療 ? Parent training and education 父母親的訓(xùn)練和教育 ? Pivotal response treatment (Koegel et al., 2021) 關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)治療 187。Brain size 腦部大小 – Although normal size at birth, brains of autistic adults and children are larger than normal. 雖然在出生時(shí)有正常的腦部大小 ,但自閉成人和小孩的大腦較一般人來得大 – Pruning of neurons may not be occurring 神經(jīng)元的修剪可能沒有發(fā)生 187。 Twin studies 雙生子研究 – 60 to 91% concordance rates 有六十到九十一的共患率 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Child withdraws into his own world 孩子退縮至他 (她 )自己世界 187。 Sons, NY 49 Etiology of Autistic Disorder 自閉性疾患的病因?qū)W ? Bettleheim?s psychoanalytic theory (1967) Bettleheim的精神分析理論 187。 Sons, NY 48 Autistic Disorder 自閉性疾患 ? Prognosis 預(yù)後 187。 Ritualized behaviors 儀式化行為 – Body rocking, hand flapping 身體搖擺 ,拍手 187。 Pronoun reversal 代名詞反轉(zhuǎn) ? Repetitious or stereotyped behaviors 重覆或刻板化行為 187。 Repetitious or idiosyncratic language 重覆或使用特異的語言 187。 Lack of spoken language 缺乏口說語言 187。 Poorly developed peer relationships 不良發(fā)展的同儕關(guān)係 187。 Sons, NY 47 Autistic Disorder 自閉性疾患 ? Kanner?s (1943) autistic aloneness 在 1943年 Kanner首度提出自閉一詞 ? Impairments in social interactions 社會(huì)互動(dòng)的受損 187。 Problemsolving strategies 問題解決策略 ? Computer assisted instruction 電腦輔助教學(xué) Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Language, social, and motor skills training 語言 ,社會(huì)和動(dòng)作技巧訓(xùn)練 187。 Sons, NY 45 Treatment of Mental Retardation 智能不足的治療 ? Residential treatment 住宿治療 187。 Phenylketonuria (PKU) 苯酮尿癥 ? Maternal infectious disease, especially during 1st trimester 母親得到傳染性疾病 ,特別是在懷孕期的前三個(gè)月間 187。 47 instead of 46 chromosomes 有 47個(gè)染色體而非 23對 ? Fragile X syndrome 脆性 X癥候群 187。 Sons, NY 44 Etiology of Mental Retardation: Neurological Factors 智能不足的病因?qū)W：神經(jīng)學(xué)因素 ? Down?s syndrome 唐氏癥 187。 Sons, NY 42 Table DSMIVTR Categories of Mental Retardation 智能不足在 DSMIVTR的分類 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Selfcare, munication, home living, decision making, etc. 自我照顧 ,溝通 ,家居生活 ,做決定等等 ? Onset before age 18 在十八歲前初發(fā) ? Most professionals focus on strengths of individual to assess ability to function 多數(shù)專家會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)案的優(yōu)勢以評(píng)估其功能 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 40 Mental Retardation 智能不足 ? Significantly below average intellectual functioning智力功能顯著低於平均 187。 Phonics instruction 語音的教導(dǎo) ? Communication disorders 溝通疾患 187。 Multisensory instruction in listening, speaking, and writing skills 聽 ,說 ,和寫的技巧的多重感官教導(dǎo) 187。 Deficient phonological awareness 語音覺察有缺陷 – Inadequate left temporoparietaloccipital functioning 不良的左顳 頂 枕葉功能 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Problems naming familiar objects rapidly 有困難快速的說出熟悉物體的名字 187。 Speech perception 語音知覺 187。 Little support for this hypothesis 對於此假設(shè)獲得較少支持 ? Geic factors 遺傳因素 187。 Sons, NY 38 Etiology of Learning Disabilities: Dyslexia 學(xué)習(xí)障礙的病因?qū)W ：失讀癥 ? Perceptual deficits 知覺缺陷 187。 Sons, NY 37 Motor Skills Disorder 運(yùn)動(dòng)技能疾患 ? Also known as developmental coordination disorder 也被稱為是發(fā)展性運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)疾患 187。 Body twitching and blinking 身體痙孿和眨眼 187。 Long pauses between words 在字的中間有較長的暫停 187。 Complete recovery mon with speech therapy 經(jīng)由語言治療普遍可以完全恢復(fù) ? Stuttering 口吃 187。 Fets word meanings 忘記字義 ? Phonological disorder 音韻疾患 187。 Difficulty expressing self in verbal speech 有困難以口語表達(dá)自己 187。 Problems counting, remembering arithmetic facts, and alignment of numbers in columns 在算術(shù) ,記住數(shù)學(xué)事實(shí)和欄位數(shù)字的排列上有問題 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Problems with word recognition and reading prehension對於字的辨認(rèn)和閱讀理解有問題 ? Disorder of written expression 文字表達(dá)疾患 187。Motor skills disorder 運(yùn)動(dòng)技能疾患 ? Often identified and treated in school 通常在學(xué)校中被辨認(rèn)和治療 ? Reading disorders more mon in boys 在男孩閱讀疾患更為普遍 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。Learning disorders 學(xué)習(xí)疾患 187。 ., arithmetic or reading 例如：數(shù)學(xué)或閱讀學(xué)習(xí)障礙 ? Not due to mental retardation, autism, physical disorder or lack of educational opportunity 不是由於智能遲緩 ,生理疾病或缺乏教育機(jī)會(huì)所造成 ? Individual usually a