【正文】 s botox and face lifts, there are much more that ancient wisdom has to offer. 。an, the starting point of the ancient Silk Road, a trade channel established more than 2,000 years ago linking China, Central Asia and Europe. The pursuit of beauty is a mon goal for most women, whether they live in the modern world today or in the modest times of the past. The pursuit of beauty is also a lifelong journey, something that demands pe rseverance and mitment. Summer is here, and so are the hot temperatures, humid air and harmful UV rays. Most Chinese women perfer fairer plexions, which means they have to do more work to stay beautiful during the hottest time of the year. However, without SPF50 sunscreens and air conditioned rooms, how did women in ancient China cope with the heat and remain beautyconscious? In this article, you39。s cooperation with Central Asian countries, a senior official said. Shaanxi Governor Lou Qinjian said the province is fresh, rich and unique, as it was when it anchored one end of the ancient Silk Road. It is the best option for acmodating industrial transfers from East China or the w orld at large, he said on Wednesday in Xi39。s business development. Rudy Buttignol, president of the pu blic broadcasting pany in British Columbia, Canada, said his work requires frequent travel to Chengdu and the policy makes the trips easier. Data from the city39。s largest breeding and research center. Three days are long enough for foreign visitors to visit those iconic tourist spots, he noted. The city is home to the remains of the Jin sha civilization that dates back more than 3,000 years as well as the Qing cheng Mountains and the Du jiang yan irrigation system. Qing cheng has long been recognized as the birthplace of Taoism, China39。s 72hour visafree policy has attracted wide attention from both Chinese and foreign experts and businessmen since it took effect on Sept 1 last year. The program permits citizens from 51 countries and regions including the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan who have valid visas and flight tickets to a third country to spend three days in the city. The capital of Sichuan province is the first city in the western region of China to offer foreign tourists a threeday visa and the fourth nationwide to adopt the policy following Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Li Zhiyong, deputy dean of the tourism institute at Sichuan University, said the move contributes to a large increase in the number of overseas tourists and raises the city39。s long history of fine ceramics lures followers from across the world, report Peng Yining and Hu Kaiyong in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province. Dressed in paintstained coveralls, China De La Vega easily navigated the maze of alleyways running alongside a ceramics factory in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province. The 31yearold Australian potter and painter wound her way through armies of onemeterhigh ceramic Buddhas and piles of porcelain shards while nodding greetings to the workers and residents. She said the locals are used to seeing foreigners in Jingdezhen, China39。porcelain capital39。 Preserving the ancient traditions Foreigners flock to China39。s 39。 定量評價（ 1）四要素：德勤技能（ 2）百分制（ 3）模糊綜合評價法 滿意、比較滿意、不 滿意、未表態(tài)等梯度 11，護理倫理評價的方式 社會輿論：社會輿論是現(xiàn)實而雄厚的力量 ,具有廣泛性 。 科學(xué)標準 即護理行為是否有利于促進醫(yī)學(xué)和護理科學(xué)的發(fā)展。 9，護理倫理評價的標準（掌握） 療效標準 即護理行為是否有利于病人疾病的緩解與根除。＊ 其內(nèi)容主要包括專業(yè)思想教育、服務(wù)思想教育、護理作風(fēng)教育和紀律教育等。再次要重視自制能力地培養(yǎng)。＊ 2，護理倫理修養(yǎng)的意義：有利 于培養(yǎng)護理人員的道德品質(zhì) ,提高護士素質(zhì)；有利于提高護理質(zhì)量 ；有利于形成良好護理行風(fēng) 3，護理倫理修養(yǎng)境界的層次 ＊（選擇） 自私自利的倫理修養(yǎng)境界 先私后公的倫理修養(yǎng)境界 先公后私的倫理修養(yǎng)境界 大公無私的倫理修養(yǎng)境界 4，護理倫理修養(yǎng)的途徑和方法（掌握）：學(xué)習(xí)求知 躬行實踐 持之以恒 力行“慎獨” 護理人員達到“慎獨” , 首先要提高認識 ,自覺進行修養(yǎng)。 7，臨床應(yīng)用最多的三大器官移植是腎臟、心臟和肝臟。＊ 5，人體實驗的倫理原則 * 醫(yī)學(xué)目的原則 知情同意原則 （知情同意是自主原則的體現(xiàn)＊ 知情同意有利于建立合作的醫(yī)患關(guān)系） 保護受試者利益原則 實驗科學(xué)性原則（遵循動 物實驗 —— 健康人 /臨床病人的研究途徑） 必須接受倫理審查準則 6，器官移植是用一個健康的器官置換另一個損壞而無法醫(yī)治的臟器，以挽救病人的生命。＊ 10，臨終護理倫理規(guī)范（掌握）＊ 緩解病人的不適困擾去執(zhí)行。 7，安樂死的歷史發(fā)展及現(xiàn)狀： 1993 年，荷蘭成為世界上第一個安樂死立法的國家。 4，死亡教育的倫理意義＊ 有利于人們樹立正確的人生觀、價值觀、生死觀 有利于啟示人們珍愛生命 有利于克服對死亡的恐懼和焦慮 有利于廢除殯葬陋習(xí) .有利于促進社會文明 有利于醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)的發(fā)展 有利于臨終關(guān)懷工作的開展和普及 5，安樂死的含義＊：指對患有不治之癥、瀕臨死亡的病人 ,當其痛苦難以解除時 ,由病人或其親屬提出 ,經(jīng)過一定的法律、道德及科學(xué)程序 ,由醫(yī)務(wù)人員用藥物或其他方式 ,參與實施 的提前結(jié)束病人生命的臨終處置方式 6，安樂死的類型＊ 根據(jù)實施中的控制方式不同 ,安樂死可分為主動安樂死和被動安樂死。 當代性道德的主要內(nèi)容：男女平等、相知相愛、戀愛自由、婚姻自由、感情忠貞、行為自律、相互尊重、彼此負責(zé) 性道德基本原則：自愿原則、婚姻原則、愛的原則、隱秘原則、不傷害原則、不仇視原則 臨床護理中的性道德問題： （ 1）生殖系統(tǒng)疾病護理的倫理 以科學(xué)的 態(tài)度對待病人生殖器官的護理工作；保護病人和護士雙方的利益；尊重病人的性權(quán)利；注意保護病人的隱私 （ 2）性傳播疾病的護理倫理 科學(xué)對待性傳播疾??；不歧視性病病人；保護病人隱私；重視宣傳教育工作 （ 3）計劃生育護理中的性倫理 人工流產(chǎn)術(shù)倫理；胎兒性別鑒定倫理 （ 4）變性手術(shù)護理的倫理道德 （ 5）臨床中的其他性護理道德問題 1 社區(qū)護理保健中的性道德問題（ 1）婚前檢查 （ 2）性教育 注：性教育內(nèi)容：性知識教育；性態(tài)度教育；性道德教育；健康負責(zé)的性態(tài)度和性行為的培養(yǎng) 性教育原則：科學(xué)性原則 ；不評判原則；平等原則；尊重和理解原則；進化原則 第八章 安樂死與臨終護理倫理道德