【正文】 s basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a pergame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the everchanging players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was anized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was anized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that pl。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 England in 1894。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O謝謝！??！ 2020年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。這種隨機(jī)的抽查形式，也是工程施工質(zhì)量得以保證的措施之一。 (5)抽查 抽查是指工程項目的高層監(jiān)理機(jī)構(gòu)為了支付所完成工程的費用，對工程質(zhì)量進(jìn)行復(fù)核的一種方式。這是按照 FIDIC 條款進(jìn)行監(jiān)理的一個特點，也是監(jiān)理人員對工程施工過程實施控制和管理不可 缺少的手段。 (4)指令文件 指令文件也是監(jiān)理的一種方法。驗收時，要對驗收部位各項幾 何尺寸進(jìn)行測量，不符合要求的要進(jìn)行測量控制和檢查。 (2)測量 測量是監(jiān)理人員在質(zhì)量監(jiān)理中對幾何尺寸控制和檢查的重要手段。這是駐地監(jiān)理人員的一種主要現(xiàn)場檢查方式。 2. 試述建設(shè)工程施 工質(zhì)量監(jiān)理的主要方法。 2)單位工程竣工成本決算 單位工程竣工成本決算是施工企業(yè)以工程竣工結(jié)算為依據(jù)編制的從施工準(zhǔn)備到竣工驗的全部實際成本費用的文件。 (七 )竣工決算 1)建設(shè)項目竣工決算 建設(shè)項目竣工決算是在建設(shè)項目全部竣工并經(jīng)過驗收后，由建設(shè)單位編制的從項目籌 建到建成投產(chǎn)或使用的全過程中，實際支付的全部建設(shè)費用的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)文件。 4)它是企業(yè)開展經(jīng)濟(jì)活動分析，進(jìn)行施工計劃成本與施工圖預(yù)算造價對比的依據(jù)，以便預(yù)測工程超支或節(jié)約的情況，進(jìn)行科學(xué)的控制。施工預(yù)算 的作用是： 1)它是企業(yè)對單位工程實行計劃管理，編制施工作業(yè)計劃的依據(jù)。 5)它是施工企業(yè)加強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任制的基礎(chǔ)．企業(yè)必須在施工圖預(yù)算造價范圍內(nèi)加強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)核算，降低成本，才能增加盈利． 6)它是實行工程招標(biāo)、投標(biāo)的重要依據(jù)。 3)它是建設(shè)銀行在施工期間撥付工程款的依據(jù)。由于它比設(shè)計概算更具體和切合實際，因此可據(jù)此落實和調(diào)整年度投資計劃。修正概算的作用與設(shè)計概算的作用基本相同． (四 )施工圖預(yù)算 施工圖預(yù)算是當(dāng)設(shè)計工作完成之后，由施工承包單位 (或設(shè)計單位 )在工程開工之前，根據(jù)施工圖紙，施工組織設(shè)計 (或施工方案 )、國家及地方頒發(fā)的工程預(yù)算定額和取費標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等有關(guān)規(guī)定、建設(shè)地區(qū)的自然和技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件等資料，詳細(xì)計 算編制的單位工程或單項工程建設(shè)費用的文件。 4)它是建設(shè)銀行控制基建撥款或貸款，進(jìn)行財政監(jiān)督的依據(jù)． 5)設(shè)計概算還是控制施工圖預(yù)算造價，并進(jìn)行“三算”對比，以考核建設(shè)成果的基礎(chǔ)： (三 )修正概算 修正概 算是當(dāng)采用三階段設(shè)計時，在技術(shù)設(shè)計階段，隨著對初步設(shè)計內(nèi)容的深化，對建設(shè)規(guī)模、結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)、設(shè)備類型和數(shù)量等內(nèi)容可能進(jìn)行修改和變動，因此對初步設(shè)計總概算應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的修正而形成的概算文件。 2)設(shè)計概算是評價設(shè)計方案是否經(jīng)濟(jì)合理，以便選擇最優(yōu)設(shè)計的重要依據(jù)。 設(shè)計概算是設(shè)計文件的重要組成部分。 4)它也是國家編制中長遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃，保持合理投資比例和投資結(jié)構(gòu)的重要依據(jù)。 2)已批準(zhǔn)的投資估算作為設(shè)計任務(wù)書下達(dá)的投資限額，對設(shè)計概算起控制作用。除此之外在基本建設(shè)全過程中，根據(jù)建設(shè)程序的要求和國家有關(guān)文件規(guī)定，還要編制其它有關(guān)的經(jīng) 濟(jì)文件 (6 分 )．按工程建設(shè)階段劃分，它們的內(nèi)容與作用如下： (一 )投資估算 投資估算是在項目建議書階段建設(shè)單位向國家或主管部門申請擬立建設(shè)項目時，為確定建設(shè)項目的投資總額而編制的經(jīng)濟(jì)文件。而在建設(shè)項目完全竣工后，為反映項目的實際造價和投資效果，還必須編制竣工決算。 1. 試述建設(shè)工程概預(yù)算的組成及作用。國家實行保護(hù)耕地的制度。土地用途