【正文】 17 美國的情況 美國有五個主要產(chǎn)煤地區(qū)，那里開采硬煤并且有發(fā)展煤層氣的潛力。如果想瓦斯回收利用得到普及，那么某些障礙是必須得到解決的。根據(jù)估計的瓦斯儲量，此供應(yīng)站可以大約可運營 8年左右。回收的瓦斯被現(xiàn)場壓縮并用作協(xié)會的交通、運輸燃料。煤層氣可以單獨利用，也可以和煤結(jié)合利用用于鍋爐發(fā)電、燃氣渦輪發(fā)電、熱燃機發(fā)電等。（美環(huán)保署 1996b） . 用于發(fā)電 許多煤礦從電力網(wǎng)購買電。 . 冶金工業(yè)爐利用瓦斯 冶金工業(yè)是有利于瓦斯利用市場化的另一優(yōu)勢。煤礦鍋爐還可以改造成低豪資煤氣設(shè)備。 16 目前，很多煤礦都采用燃煤鍋爐來制造熱蒸汽以干燥煤，加熱礦井設(shè)備，加熱通風空氣。這兩個地區(qū)的重 工業(yè)比較發(fā)達，現(xiàn)在這有很多開發(fā)利用煤層氣的機會，表 3中列出了五個煤盆地的瓦斯涌出及利用比較。 它們分別是： 1） the Dosk Basin (Donbass)坐落于 Ukraine東南部、俄羅斯西部； 2） the Kuzsk Basin Kuzbass坐落于Siberia西部（俄羅斯中南部）； 3） the L’vov Volyn 盆地坐落于 Ukraine西部，它的東南部延展到波蘭的 Lublin； 4） the Pechora 盆地坐落于俄羅斯北部； 5) the Karaganda 煤盆地坐落于 Kazakhstan鏡內(nèi)。并且可以達到地區(qū)能源利用、保護環(huán)境的目標。因而，這對天然氣的應(yīng)用和減少對低瓦斯的依靠是一種激勵。為了增加利潤，煤產(chǎn)業(yè)部門被迫提高效益。 俄羅斯、烏克蘭瓦斯利用的前景 這些國家的能源部門正在經(jīng)歷轉(zhuǎn)折。中國政府認識到煤層氣開發(fā)解決能源短缺的潛能，并且支持對能源開發(fā)的努力。一部分項目是國家投資贊助的，其它的項目有與外國公司聯(lián)合經(jīng)營的。中國國務(wù)院賦予中聯(lián)煤層氣開發(fā)公司特權(quán)以便其與外國合作管理煤層氣勘探、開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)。 在中國瓦斯利用的前景 中國國務(wù)院（中國的最高管理部門）認識到共同努力開發(fā)煤層氣的必要性，于是國務(wù)院于 1996年五月成立中聯(lián)煤層氣瓦斯開發(fā)公司。 目前，各種彰礙使中國難于回收利用潛能巨大的煤礦瓦斯來發(fā)展經(jīng)濟，其中關(guān)鍵的障礙包括缺少適當?shù)恼呖蚣堋⒐こ添椖抠Y金和設(shè)備受限，信息和技術(shù)不足、缺少廣泛的網(wǎng)狀管道。瓦斯還可以在一定范圍內(nèi)用作發(fā)電。 中國煤礦回收的大部分瓦斯被用作加熱煤礦設(shè)備及周遍居民做飯。而僅有少于一半的抽放系統(tǒng)是為了出售回收利用瓦斯的。然而這仍少于每年瓦斯釋放總量的 11%。在 14年里，全國的國營煤礦的瓦斯抽放量幾乎翻倍。然而這些非國有煤礦一般不是高瓦斯礦。 目前中國有 108個煤礦管理機關(guān)，他們管理 650多個礦井。中國不僅是世界上最大的產(chǎn)煤基地，尤其 95%的煤是地下開采煤。本文第二部分討論一些主要國家的瓦斯回收利用情況。美環(huán)保署（ 1994文件）強調(diào)煤作為燃料循環(huán)（包括采煤、運煤、加工、燃燒）每年放出 35－ 5910 9 m3 瓦斯到大氣中圖表 1顯示世界十大產(chǎn)煤地的瓦斯涌出情況，其中全球 90%的瓦斯涌出由煤燃燒循環(huán)造成。 礦井瓦斯的回收利用是一種顯著減少礦井瓦斯的有效方法。瓦斯生命（定義為它在大氣中的含量除以其運移速率）大約 10年。雖然每 年大氣中增加的瓦斯少于二氧化碳，但大氣中每增加 1千克瓦斯對地球表面溫度升高的潛在影響遠超過二氧化碳 22倍。瓦13 斯是造成溫室效應(yīng)的主要氣體之一，僅次于二氧化碳。另外回收的瓦斯即可在煤礦用作燃料還可以售出。第二個原因是可以提高煤礦經(jīng)濟效益。 回收再利用礦井瓦斯主要有三個原因，第一是可以提高煤礦安全性，全世界范圍內(nèi)，由于瓦斯導致致命嚴重煤礦爆炸事故的記錄不下千余起。其余全部被排放到大氣中，這無疑是資源浪費。本論文重點關(guān)注煤礦開采中產(chǎn)生的瓦斯。 關(guān)鍵詞： 煤層氣；全球變暖；采煤；天然氣 1 前言 近幾年，煤礦瓦斯作為贏利資源越來越引起人們的關(guān)注。經(jīng)濟和體制方面的困難有開發(fā)瓦斯能源的信息不足、 資金饋乏、價格低廉。 通過提高煤礦瓦斯利用降低瓦斯排放存在重重困難，在許多未獨立的國家存在同樣的困難。如 用于家庭取暖、做飯，12 加熱鍋爐，發(fā)電，或直接為煤礦通風系統(tǒng)的空氣加熱和干燥服務(wù)。大部分國家利用煤礦瓦斯的一部分，但是其利用效率低，甚至一些國家根本沒有利用。礦井瓦斯的利用現(xiàn)狀要求有一個節(jié)約成本且減少瓦斯涌出的方法，同時還要可以提高采煤的安全性及經(jīng)濟效益。 Saprykin et al., 1995). 6 . Use in furnaces in the metallurgical industry. Another viable market for methane use is the metallurgical industry. For example, the city of Novokuzsk, in the southern portion of the Kuzsk Basin, contains numerous gassy mines and is one of the biggest centers of metallurgy in Russia. The region’s metallurgical industry consumes about 54 PJ of natural gas annually, which is equivalent to about 109 m3 of methane (USEPA, 1996b) . . Power generation at mine facilities. Most mines purchase electricity from the power grid. Cofiring coalbed methane with coal to generate electricity onsite may be a more economical option for these mines. Coalbed methane can be used, independently of or in conjunction with coal, to generate electricity using boilers, gas turbines and thermal bustion engines (USEPA, 1994b). . Use as a motor vehicle fuel. The Doskugol Coal Production Association in Ukraine is draining methane in advance of mining using surface boreholes. The recovered methane is pressed onsite and used as fuel for the Association’s vehicle fleet. The refueling station, which has been operating for more than three years, produces about 1,000 m3 of pressed gas per day. Based on estimated gas reserves it is expected to operate for a total of eight years ( Pudak, 1995 ). While many mines in the CIS are utilizing their methane resources, the majority are not. Certain barriers must be overe before recovery and use of coal mine methane bees widespread. These barriers and their potential solutions are discussed in greater detail in Section 3 of this paper. The United States There are five major coal producing regions in the United States from which hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development. They are: （ 1） the Appalachian Basin, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, （ 2） the Warrior Basin, located in Alabama, （ 3） the Illinois Basin, located in Illinois, Indiana and western Kentucky, （ 4） the Southwestern region, including the Uinta, Piceance, Green River and San Juan Basins located in Colorado, Utah and New Mexico and （ 5） the Western Interior region, including the Arkoma Basin of Oklahoma and Arkansas. In 1994, an estimated 109 m3 of methane were liberated by underground mining in these regions, of which less than 109 m3 were used（ USEPA, unpublished data） . Currently in the United States, at least 17 mines in six states（ Alabama, Colorado,Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia） recover methane for profit, primarily through sale to gas distributors. In 1995, the total methane recovered 7 from these mines, including vertical wells draining methane in advance of mining, exceeded 1109 maximizing the amount of gas recovered via drainage systems, these mines have greatly reduced their ventilation costs, improved safety conditions for miners and have collected and sold large quantities of highquality gas. Following is a brief description of selected coal mine methane recovery activities in the United States. Warrior basin: Alabama Six of the seventeen US mines with mercial methane recovery systems are located in the Warrior Basin of Alabama. Today, energy panies recover methane from the Warrior Basin by horizontal wells, gob wells（ in areas being mined ） and vertical wells（ in both mined and unmined areas） . Most of this gas is sold to regional natural gas distributors, although there is some onsite mine use. In 1995, four mines operated by Jim Walter Resources produced more than 380106 m3 of methane for pipeline sale and USX’s Oak Grove Mine recovered an estimated 117106 m3 of methane for use. Appalachian region Eight mines in Virginia and West Virginia have developed successful methane recovery and use projects. The Consol mines in Virginia are the most welldocumented examples. Consol produces gas from a bination of verti