【正文】 沉默、冷場(chǎng)是一件好事，假設(shè)對(duì)方性子比擬 。等對(duì)方把話說完之后再做出答復(fù)?？紤]對(duì)方的提議時(shí)，不要害怕保持沉默，同時(shí)也要明晰對(duì)方也在可能你的反響。在這個(gè)案例中，中國老師的沉默是無謂的，不應(yīng)該由于畏懼權(quán)威，就放棄了維護(hù)本身的合法權(quán)益的權(quán)利。”分析：在這個(gè)案例中，這名外教來自低語境國家，對(duì)應(yīng)的他所應(yīng)用方式是高介入方式，因而在聽了系主任的話后，他特別直截了當(dāng)?shù)乇硎玖吮救说姆磳?duì)意見；由于文化的差異，他關(guān)于保持沉默的中國老師感到驚奇；中國老師之因而會(huì)沉默，是由于中國屬于高語境文化國家，對(duì)應(yīng)地采取的是高諒講解話方式?！甭犃酥魅蔚倪@番高論，我瞠目結(jié)舌。因而我改為要大家以自動(dòng)捐贈(zèng)的名義繳納30％的校外兼課收入，我立即起草一份《自愿捐贈(zèng)書》，每位員工都要簽字。我當(dāng)即提出這種做法不妥：“這是變相征收所得稅，不管是系里仍然主任都無權(quán)修正政府的個(gè)人所得稅法律，這是違法行為。如今，沉默確實(shí)是金。區(qū)區(qū)一點(diǎn)年終獎(jiǎng)，就能夠讓兩個(gè)人產(chǎn)生隔膜。后來小李才明白，事實(shí)上小張只拿到了1000元的年終獎(jiǎng)。小李本來不想告訴她，但她已經(jīng)先說她發(fā)了5000元，因而小李也只好禮尚往來告訴她，但小李仍然悄悄地打了個(gè)折扣，少說了2000元，以便和她的數(shù)目差不多?？鬃拥摹叭蕫邸钡乃枷耄唇⒑途S護(hù)人與人之間的和睦關(guān)系也深深地阻礙到中國人。為了集體的利益，個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)是能夠忽略不計(jì)的。（二）民族的認(rèn)識(shí)形態(tài)中華民族崇尚以和為貴，集體的利益高于一切。更多時(shí)候“沉默是金”表達(dá)為一種行為處事方式，告誡人們要謹(jǐn)言善思慎行。中國高情景文化背景下“沉默是金”的構(gòu)成中國人不斷以來給人的感受是默默無言，遵照沉默是金的處事原那么。就說話的方式，美國社會(huì)語言學(xué)研究者Deborah Tannen 在他的著作《You Just Don’t Understand》一書中詳細(xì)介紹了，高介入說話方式較高體貼說話方式而言，人們說話說得多，音量大，語速快；常打斷別人的話；也不介意被別人打斷；而適應(yīng)高體貼說話方式的人們通常一次和一個(gè)人交談；在別人說話時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)出應(yīng)和之聲，表示本人在聽；不打斷別人說話；保 ④持沉默，靜靜地聽。還有另一種與之完全不同的方式，說話者使用相對(duì)慢一點(diǎn)的語速，話輪之間有較長(zhǎng)的停頓，不重合，防止打斷或者搶別人的話。高介入說話方式與高體貼說話方式Y(jié)ule在《Pragmatics》一書中，對(duì)兩種會(huì)話方式下了明確的定義——“有一些人認(rèn)為在會(huì)話中應(yīng)該積極主動(dòng)，語速相對(duì)較快，話輪轉(zhuǎn)換間幾乎沒有停頓，甚至還會(huì)有一些重合和搶話。按照Edward T．Hall的這一理論，Gudykunst將十二個(gè)不同文化的國家按“低語境”到“高語境”的方式陳列為：中國日本阿拉伯希臘西班 ②牙意大利英國法國美國斯堪德納維亞德國瑞士。在此種語境文化下的人們說話委婉，言簡(jiǎn)意賅。語境(LC)傳播正好相反，立即大量 ①的信息置于明晰的編碼中。關(guān)鍵詞高語境文化，低語境文化，高卷入，高諒解，沉默高低語境理論框架美國文化人類學(xué)家Edward T．Hall在他的《超越文化》一書中曾定義了兩個(gè)重要的術(shù)語高語境交際與低語境交際。如此的文化屬于意會(huì)文化，也被稱為高語境文化；高語境文化對(duì)應(yīng)的是高體貼說話方式，人們強(qiáng)調(diào)沉默是金，尤其是中國和日本，不斷遵照著這么一條“美德”。目的在于通過列舉身勢(shì)語的文化差異與共性，并提出交際中遵照的原那么，從而促進(jìn)有效交流,防止誤解。本文致力于從目光語，手勢(shì)語，身體姿勢(shì)，面部表情，體觸語方面對(duì)不同文化的身勢(shì)語進(jìn)展比照。摘 要21世紀(jì)， 隨著國際經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流的加深，由于語言，文化的差異而產(chǎn)生的障礙隨時(shí)都可能存在，在跨文化交際中，消除障礙的最有效的方法確實(shí)是理解身勢(shì)語的含義。 cultural difference。 thinking for oneself, and official accountability. The top six social values for Asian people were maintenance of an orderly society, harmony, accountability of public officials, openness to new ideas, freedom of expression, and respect for authority. This study finds that unlike Americans, East Asians are generally more respectful of authority and prize an orderly society, however in concurrence with the West, Asians honor new ideas, official accountability, and free expression.3. Individualism and CollectivismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society. Most westerners believe that each person has his own separate identity and personality, which should be recognized and reinforced. Therefore, one cannot prehensive western and its people without understanding individualism. Only with the cognition of individualism can we understand how westerners conceptualize family, friendships, and privacy. The core of individualism is the pursuit of personal and achievements. It is highly valued, earnestly believes and well appreciated as a fundamental social virtue. In Christianity traditions, individuals are important not only to each other, but also to the society and God. Individualism has been handed down from their ancestors. Therefore, to westerners, individualism is not selfishness but rather virtue. They emphasize individualism so much that they believe that there must be something wrong with someone who fails to demonstrate individualism. That likes the sentence“God helps those who help themselves.” However to Chinese people, the word“individualism”is related to the derogatory meaning as egoism, with represents selfishness in quality and looseness in discipline. In traditional Chinese beliefs, esp. in Confucianism, collectivism is appreciated. It emphasizes cooperation among group members篇二：跨文化交際英語論文大學(xué)生跨文化交際中的障礙和才能的培養(yǎng)A brief analysis of the application ofbody language in crosscultural CommunicationSpecialty:Name: Student ID:Advisor:College of Foreign LanguagesNov , 2013AcknowledgementsIn writing this paper, I want to thank all my teachers ,for their teaching and kind support, their continuous encouragement and massive help during these years. To the my twenty six classmates who helped me with my research, for their enthusiastic participation。 free speech, and democracy. The core of the Chinese value has some relationship with the Confucianism. The ethnic principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his days. That is the wellknown five Relationships: rulerminister, fatherson, husbandwife, elderyounger brother and friendfriend. This was explained as” there should be affection between father and son , righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends. During the more than two thousand years of the feudal period, the ruling class arranges every thing by these relationships, and then formed a class society. In this kind of society, a minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. The result is the humanity is neglected and people have no equality.Different from China, in the Renaissance period of England, people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also have the ability to p