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2024-08-27 18:19 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 in the latter, because they are nothing.” The Spirit of Law,BK,VI,.. Noticing a unitary government will probably lead to corruption and power abuse, in drafting the Constitution the founding fathers followed Montesquieu’s political principles in order to avoid a tyrannical government.Another concept embodied though not explicitly stated in the Constitution is the rule of law. “Wherever law ends, tyranny begins” The Second Treaties of Government, . Obviously, a balanced government requires that it should abide by law and hold itself accountable to the public. This basic requirement bining with a democratic system forms the framework of the Constitution. Governmental activities and interactions between government and people are all carried out under this framework. Since the state power to govern is given by those governed, any interference from government in relation to personal liberty, or property, is outlawed. The Bill of Rights (1791) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof。 that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights。 Bacon proposed an induction method from particular to general and from specific to abstract。 Newton’s discovery of cosmic law and gravitation supported the Copernican system and opened enormous new fields in astronomy and physics. Besides, notable achievements were scored in botany, geography and medicine, which made more and more people convinced of human’s ability to conquer the nature and of the perfectibility and progress of human society. Greatly influenced by Newton’s cosmic law applicable to the minutest object as well as to the universe as a whole, the philosophers had much faith in the idea that there exist not only natural laws regulating physical world but also natural laws governing human society. In France of the 18th century, the reading public came into existence because of increasing literacy and people began to rid themselves of the bans placed by church and state, question the inequality of society, express their ideas through every possible channel, and learn to analyze problems by reason. This is the background of the 18th Europe. Europeans were changing, but Europe’s institutions were not keeping pace with that change. Eventually, the impulse of natural science alchemized into the Enlightenment. This is one of those rare historical movements which in effect named itself. Certain thinkers and writers, primarily in London and Paris, believed that they were more enlightened than their patriots and set out to enlighten them. Essence of the Enlightenment and the PhilosophesOriginating in the 17th century Britain, the Enlightenment was primarily a French movement because at that time French culture dominated Europe and because its core values were put forth in the environment of Parisian salons. Although its backbone was the middle class, its main purpose was for man in general, for humanity. It was after the Peace of Utrecht (1713) that the Enlightenment was in a large degree a French phenomenon. Its leading proponents were known as the philosophes, a term which cannot be literally interpreted as “philosophers”. The philosophes were mostly writers and intellectuals who saw through social maladies and sought reforms under the guidance of the principles of reason. Therefore, the Enlightenment had another name “the Age of Reason” (called by Thomas Paine). By reason it signified man’s thought and judgment and by reason great emphasis was attached to the notion that everything should be judged by sense, rather than by the will of God, to secure the natural rights of humans.With its appeal to rationalism and perfectibility and progress, the Enlightenment was labeled as the second mindemancipating movement led by European bourgeoisie against despotism, clericalism and feudal privilege. The word “enlightenment” means bright and wisdom in French. The philosophes called for the sunlight of reason to dispel the darkness of reality and to usher in democracy, freedom and equality. They turned rationalism to a banner of antifeudalism. The main figures of the Enlightenment are fairly well known: Descartes, Issac Newton, Pasca
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