【正文】 destination ? Is responsible for all the other aspects of the shipment Cost and Freight (CFR) Definition and Application ? CFR Incoterm can be used for any merchandise. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? The exporter pays for ocean transportation. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: CFR [Port of Destination] For example: CFR Lagos, Nigeria Cost and Freight (CFR) Delivery ? The delivery takes place when the merchandise crosses the ship’s rail, the same as under an FOB shipment. Cost and Freight (CFR) Exporter39。s and Importer39。s Responsibilities ? The exporter pays for ocean shipment. ? The exporter makes arrangements, and pays for, unloading the ship. Attention DAP (Delivered at Place) of Incoterms2022 replaces the three terms of trade in Incoterms2022, DES, DAF, and DDU. Delivered ExShip (DES) Definition and Application ? DES Incoterm can be used for any merchandise, but is mostly used for bulk shipments of modities. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? The exporter pays for ocean transportation, but the importer pays for the unloading of the ship. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: DES [Port of Delivery] For example: DES Istanbul, Turkey Delivered ExShip (DES) Delivery ? The delivery takes place in the port of destination, once the ship has reached port and makes the merchandise available to the importer. Exporter39。s Responsibilities ? Exporter: ? Assumes all responsibilities in a DDP shipment ? Importer ? Only has the responsibility to receive the goods at delivery and unload them Electronic Data Interchange ? Electronic Data Interchange is the electronic delivery of mercial and shipping documents. ? EDI usage is still fairly new and limited to developed countries. ? There is no universal standard for EDI, which has slowed the adoption of this technique. Avoid Errors in Incoterm Usage ? Incoterms confusion with Domestic Terms, such as “FOB factory” or “FOB destination” ? Incoterms confusion with Older Incoterm Versions, such as FOB rail, FOB truck or FOB airport ? Improper use of correct Incoterm, such as FOB used with an air shipment ? Use of inexistent Incoterms, such as “Free Domicile” Incoterms as a Marketing Tool ? A strategic advantage can be gained by an exporter willing to facilitate the sale of its products by assisting a novice importer in the handling of a shipment. ? An exporter should be willing to determine which Incoterm to use on a casebycase basis. ? The choice of the proper Incoterm is a critical decision for a firm, as it indicates willingness to provide additional services for the importer. Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) Exporter39。s and Importer39。s rail (multimodal transportation) ? The amount insured must be at least 110 percent of the value of the goods. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: CIP [City of Delivery] For example: CIP Sofia, Bulgaria ? The delivery does not take place in the city of destination, but in the city where the exporter delivers the goods to the carrier. Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) Delivery ? Delivery takes place when: ? The exporter hands over the goods to the carrier in the exporting country ? The exporter is given a bill of lading or equivalent document Variant ? The variant “CIP unloaded” clarifies that the exporter agrees to pay to have the goods unloaded in the port of destination. ? The variant “CIP full cover” clarifies that the exporter agrees to provide full insurance coverage on the shipment. Delivered at Frontier (DAF) Definition and Application ? For any merchandise, but specifically refers to land transportation ? Transfer of responsibility from exporter to importer is at the point (city) named in Incoterm. ? Usually, the goods remain on vehicle to final destination. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: DAF [Border City or Border Crossing Point] For example: DAF Nogales, Arizona, USA Delivered at Frontier (DAF) Delivery ? The delivery takes place when the merchandise, still on the truck or the railroad car, is placed at the disposal of the importer at the border city. Exporter39。s rail (multimodal transportation). ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: CPT [City of Delivery] For example: CPT K246。s truck or delivers it to the carrier39。s truck. ? If the named point in the Incoterm refers to the carrier39。 the official Incoterm is silent on that specific point. EXWorks (EXW) Exporter39。 ? Information on securityrelated clearances for shipments。 ? DDP是賣方風(fēng)險、責(zé)任最大的貿(mào)易術(shù)語。 對賣方提供單據(jù)要求不同。 責(zé)任劃分相同。 ? EXW是賣方風(fēng)險、責(zé)任最小的術(shù)語。 ? 審理結(jié)果： C運輸公司僅承擔(dān) 4箱碰損貨物的降價損失，賠償 。受碰傷的 4箱降價 5%，其余降價 %，為此損失達(dá) 8萬美元。英國 A公司收貨后來電稱 4箱餐具有碰傷，其余貨物可能也受振動，要求全部降價 5%。 更加適應(yīng)運輸方式的發(fā)展，特別是集裝箱運輸。 當(dāng) FCA組術(shù)語在涉及海運時裝卸費用負(fù)擔(dān)不同。 在相對應(yīng)的術(shù)語下，買賣雙方的責(zé)任劃分基本一致。 （ 3）接受單據(jù)，支付貨款。 （ 3）承擔(dān)貨物交給承運人前的一切費用和風(fēng)險。加拿大乙公司已盡到責(zé)任。為此，加拿大乙公司已經(jīng)完成了 CIF條件下的交貨義務(wù)。加拿大乙公司認(rèn)為在CIF合同下，作為賣方，其已經(jīng)在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)在裝運港把貨物裝上船，即已經(jīng)完成了交貨義務(wù)。但該船實際上先靠北海港，并且在北海停留卸貨與檢修了近 1個月后才駛往寧波港。中國甲公司 4月 1日向?qū)Ψ介_出信用證，加拿大乙公司按規(guī)定的時間和裝運條件發(fā)運了貨物。 都是象征性交貨，即憑單交貨，憑單付款。