【正文】 f Commerce, when it is not clear on a specific point. Variants are generally used to further clarify the responsibilities of the exporter and of the importer in a given transaction. ? For example, the variant “EXW loaded” clarifies that the exporter agrees to load the goods on the vehicle provided by the importer, when the official Incoterm is silent on that specific point. Incoterm Definition Incoterm Strategy ? It is constrained by the following parameters: ? The type of product sold ? The method of shipment ? The ability of either of the parties to perform the tasks involved in the shipment ? The amount of trust placed by either of the parties toward the other ? For simplification purposes, an exporter often quotes using the same Incoterm in every transaction. EXWorks (EXW) Definition and Application ? Can be used for any merchandise and for any means of transportation ? Is the “easiest” of the Incoterms for the exporter ? Is the most difficult for the importer ? Should be used with the following syntax: EXW [City where merchandise is to be picked up] For example: EXW Poughkeepsie, New York, USA EXWorks (EXW) Delivery ? It occurs at the time that the importer (or the importer39。s and Importer39。s premises, then delivery takes place when the goods are made available to the carrier. The goods are unloaded from the exporter39。s facilities ? Clears the merchandise for export ? Has to provide documents to clear Customs in the importing country and to obtain insurance ? Importer ? Arranges the contract of carriage ? Is responsible for all the other aspects of the shipment Free Alongside Ship (FAS) Definition and Application ? The FAS Incoterm can be used for any merchandise. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: FAS [Port of Departure] For example: FAS Santos, Brazil Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) Exporter39。ln, Germany ? The delivery does not take place in the city of destination, but in the city where the exporter delivers the goods to the carrier. Carriage Paid To (CPT) Delivery ? Delivery takes place when two conditions are met: ? The exporter hands over the goods to the carrier in the exporting country ? The exporter is given a bill of lading or equivalent document Carriage Paid To (CPT) Exporter39。s and Importer39。s Responsibilities under DDU ? Exporter ? Arranges and pays for all shipping issues until the goods are delivered to the importer ? Does not clear Customs in the importing country ? Importer ? Clears Customs and pays duty Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) Definition and Application ? The DDP Incoterm can be used for any merchandise and for any means of transportation. ? The DDP Incoterm is the ultimate in customer service on the part of the exporter。s and Importer39。s and Importer39。s Responsibilities ? Exporter ? Packages the goods for international travel ? Transports them to the port ? Unloads them onto the quay or holding area in the port ? Clears the goods for export ? Provides whatever documents the importer may need to clear Customs in the importing country and to obtain insurance ? Importer ? Pays for services from the point of delivery: port handling charges and stevedoring ? Is responsible for all the other aspects of the shipment Free on Board (FOB) Definition and Applicability ? FOB Incoterm can be used for any merchandise. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: FOB [Port of Departure] For example: FOB Cape Town, South Africa Free on Board (FOB) Delivery ? The delivery takes place when the merchandise crosses the ship’s rail. ? The ship’s rail is an imaginary rail that circles the entire hull of a ship. Should a cargo item fall from the crane onto the ship while it is being loaded, the determination of whose responsibility it is hinges on which side of the ship’s rail it falls on: ? If the cargo falls on the outside of the ship’s rail, it is the exporter’s responsibility ? If it falls on the inside, it is the importer’s Free on Board (FOB) Exporter39。s and Importer39。s Responsibilities ? Exporter ? Packages the goods for international travel ? Ships them to the port of departure and loads them onto the ship ? Clears the goods for export ? Has the obligation to provide whatever documents and assistance the importer may need to clear Customs in the importing country and to obtain insurance ? Importer ? Responsible for arranging and paying for ocean transportation from the port of departure to the goods39。 it is generally in a warehouse or in a container yard, waiting for the stevedore to e and load it onto the ship. Free Alongside Ship (FAS) Exporter39。s and Importer39。s and Importer39。An, China Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) Delivery ? The delivery takes place when the exporter places the goods at the disposal of the importer in the city of delivery mentioned in the Incoterm. Exporter39。s Responsibilities ? Exporter ? Packs the goods for export ? Ships them to the carrier ? Pays the shipping costs to the city of destinat