【正文】 n with Domestic Terms, such as “FOB factory” or “FOB destination” ? Incoterms confusion with Older Incoterm Versions, such as FOB rail, FOB truck or FOB airport ? Improper use of correct Incoterm, such as FOB used with an air shipment ? Use of inexistent Incoterms, such as “Free Domicile” Incoterms as a Marketing Tool ? A strategic advantage can be gained by an exporter willing to facilitate the sale of its products by assisting a novice importer in the handling of a shipment. ? An exporter should be willing to determine which Incoterm to use on a casebycase basis. ? The choice of the proper Incoterm is a critical decision for a firm, as it indicates willingness to provide additional services for the importer. Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) Exporter39。s Responsibilities ? The exporter and importer have the same responsibilities as in CPT. ? The exporter has the additional responsibility to prepay for International Cargo Insurance until the city of destination. Delivered ExQuay (DEQ) (DEQ is replaced by DAT) Definition and Application ? DES Incoterm can be used for any merchandise, but is mostly used for bulk shipments of modities. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? The exporter pays for ocean transportation and for the unloading of the ship. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: DEQ [Port of Delivery] For example: DEQ Santiago, Chile ? The only difference between the DES and DEQ Incoterms is that the unloading costs are borne by the exporter in the DEQ transaction. Delivered ExQuay (DEQ) Delivery ? The delivery for a DEQ shipment takes place when the goods are unloaded and placed at the disposal of the importer. Exporter39。s Responsibilities ? The exporter pays for ocean shipment. ? The exporter makes arrangements, and pays for, unloading the ship. Attention DAP (Delivered at Place) of Incoterms2022 replaces the three terms of trade in Incoterms2022, DES, DAF, and DDU. Delivered ExShip (DES) Definition and Application ? DES Incoterm can be used for any merchandise, but is mostly used for bulk shipments of modities. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? The exporter pays for ocean transportation, but the importer pays for the unloading of the ship. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: DES [Port of Delivery] For example: DES Istanbul, Turkey Delivered ExShip (DES) Delivery ? The delivery takes place in the port of destination, once the ship has reached port and makes the merchandise available to the importer. Exporter39。s Responsibilities ? Exporter ? Pays for ocean shipment ? Importer ? Makes arrangements and pays for unloading the ship Free Alongside Ship (FAS) Delivery ? The delivery officially takes place when the exporter has delivered the goods “alongside” a ship designated by the importer. ? Today, the merchandise is rarely kept “alongside” a ship, or on the quay waiting for a ship。s and Importer39。s and Importer39。 destination ? Is responsible for all the other aspects of the shipment Cost and Freight (CFR) Definition and Application ? CFR Incoterm can be used for any merchandise. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? The exporter pays for ocean transportation. ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: CFR [Port of Destination] For example: CFR Lagos, Nigeria Cost and Freight (CFR) Delivery ? The delivery takes place when the merchandise crosses the ship’s rail, the same as under an FOB shipment. Cost and Freight (CFR) Exporter39。s Responsibilities ? Exporter ? Packages the goods for international travel ? Ships them to the port of departure, loads them onto the ship and prepays the ocean carriage ? Clears the goods for export ? Has the obligation to provide whatever documents and assistance the importer may need to clear Customs in the importing country and to obtain insurance ? The prepaid contract of carriage may include the costs of unloading the goods in the port of destination (depends on practices at port). ? Importer ? Is responsible for all the other aspects of the shipment Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) Definition and Application ? CIF Incoterm can be used for any merchandise. ? It is specifically designed for ocean transportation. ? The exporter has the additional responsibility to prepay for Marine Cargo Insurance until the port of destination. The insurance cover is 110% of the value of the goods, and is “minimum coverage.” ? This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax: CIF [Port of Destination] For example: CIF Kobe, Japan ? Some countries restrict the possibility of CIF and CIP usage. Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) Delivery ? The delivery takes place when the merchandise crosses the ship’s rail, the same as under an FOB shipment and a CFR shipment. Variant ? The variant “CIF unloaded” clarifies that the exporter agrees to pay to have the goods unloaded in the port of destination. ? The variant “CIF full cover” clarifies that the exporter agrees to provide full insurance coverage on the shipment. Incoterm示意圖