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and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer 35 who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large pany, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most mon problems for five (a) don39。 34 Mechanical Design Abstract: A machine is a bination of mechanisms and other ponents which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term mechanical design is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers. Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process The Design Process Designing starts with a need apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as putation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the parison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several ponents bee apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a petitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several ponents. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction。 [14] 《金屬機械加工工藝人員手冊》修訂組,金屬機械加工工藝人員手冊,上海:上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 1979。 [10] 丁駿一,典型零件制造工藝,北京:機械工業(yè)出版社 ,1989。 [6] 李洪,機械加工工藝師手冊,北京:機械工業(yè)出版社, 1990。 [2] 孫已德,機床夾具圖冊,北京:機械工業(yè)出版社, 1984。雖然在這個過程中的也遇到了困難,但是有 魏 老師的講解和指導(dǎo),讓我更能深刻的去領(lǐng)會繪制的原理,因此,我要感謝 魏 老師對我的幫助和輔導(dǎo)。 整個過程, 魏老師都傾注了大量的心血。 我非常感謝我的指導(dǎo)教師 魏 老師。又根據(jù)毛坯 圖和零件圖構(gòu)想出了兩種工藝方案,比較其中較合理的 方案來編制工藝。本次課程主要經(jīng)過了兩個階段。 由實際加工的經(jīng)驗可知 ,鉆削時的主要切削力為鉆頭的切削方向 ,即垂直于工作臺 ,查《切削手冊》表 ,切削力計算公式為: FFF kfdCF yZFf 0? 其中: 420?CF , ?ZF , ?yF , mmd ? , ?f , kkkk hFxFMFF ??? ,kMF 與加工材料有關(guān) ,取 ; kxF 與刀具刃磨形狀有關(guān) ,取 ; khF 與刀具磨鈍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有關(guān) ,取 ,則: NF 1 0 6 ????? 32 致謝 大學(xué)四年轉(zhuǎn)眼就過去了,通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計,使我綜合的運用了幾年所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識。 本夾具主要用來鉆 M8 螺紋底孔,該孔 是直通孔 , 在 Φ32孔的 的正上方,由于本工序是中批生產(chǎn),還應(yīng)考慮如何提高勞動生產(chǎn)力, 降低勞 31 動強度,而其位置尺寸為自由公差,精度不是主 要問題。并設(shè)計工序 7—— 鉆 M8 螺紋底孔的夾具。 由《切削手冊》表 ,進(jìn)給量 ,/~ rmmf z ? 取為 。 機動時切削工時, 620??l =26mm, m in0 2 3 6 0 2626 ????? fnt wm (2) 精鉸至 mm8? 刀具: mmdw 8? 機床: Z525 立式鉆床 根據(jù)有關(guān)手冊的規(guī)定,鉸刀的進(jìn)給量取 ?f ,機床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速取為:nw =1136r/min,則其切削速度為: m in/34 mdnv ?? ? 機動時切削工時, 620??l =26mm m in0 8 3 6 0 2626 ????? fnt wm 工序 6 粗鏜,半精鏜 Φ 32 孔,以軸承座底面為定位基準(zhǔn) 1. 粗鏜 Φ32 孔 機床: T616 臥式鏜床 單邊余量 mmz ? ,可一次切除,則 mmap ? 。 查機床使用說明書: Mm = N?m。 查《切削手冊》表 ,鉆頭消耗功率: Pc=。 根據(jù)《切削手冊》表 查出 ,鉆孔時軸向力 Ff=2500N,軸向力修正系數(shù)為,故 Ff=2500N。 30?? 176。 查《切削手冊》表 ,鉆頭消耗功率: Pc=。 根據(jù)《切削手冊》表 查出 ,鉆孔時軸向力 Ff=1760N,軸向力修正系數(shù)為,故 Ff=1760N。 確定進(jìn)給量 按加工要求確定進(jìn)給量:查《切削手冊》, f=~ , ??dl ,由《切削手冊》表 ,系 數(shù)為 ,則: rmmf /)~()~( ??? 按鉆頭強度選擇 :查《切削手冊》表 ,鉆頭允許進(jìn)給量為: rmmf /? ; 按機床進(jìn)給機構(gòu)強度選擇:查《切削手冊》表 ,機床進(jìn)給機構(gòu)允許軸向力為 8330N 時,進(jìn)給量為 rmmf /? 。 計算基本工時 tm= L/ vf, L=l+ y+Δ , l=104mm. 查《切削手冊》表 3. 26,入切量及超切量為: y+Δ =17mm,則: tm= L/ Vf=(104+17)/300=。切削速度計算公 式為: vpvevzvpT vvc kzuayfxa qdcv vm 0? 其中 mmae 80? , mmap ? , 245?vC , ?qv , ?xv , ?yv , ????? kkk SvMvv , ?uv , 0?pv , ?m , min180?T ,zmmf z /? , 12?Z ,將以上數(shù)據(jù)代入公式: m i n/104 mv c????????? ??? 確定機床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速: m in/2651000 rd vnwcs ?? ? 。 切削用量 確定切削深度 因為余量較小,故選擇 ap=,一次走刀即可完成 確定每齒進(jìn)給量 fz 由于本工序為粗加工,尺寸精度和表面質(zhì)量可不考慮,從而可采用不對稱端銑,以提高進(jìn)給量提高加工效率。刃傾角 : λs=- 10176。 加工 要求:粗銑軸承座底面,加工余量為 , 機床: X51 立式銑床 刀具:根據(jù)《切削用量簡明手冊》(后稱《切削手冊》)表 ,選擇YG 硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀,根據(jù)表 . ,銑削寬度為 80mm,故根據(jù) 銑削寬度 ae≤90,深度 ap≤6,齒數(shù) z=12,故根據(jù)《機械制造工藝設(shè)計簡明手冊》(后簡稱《簡明手冊》)表 ,取刀具直徑 d0=125mm。故校驗合格。 確定刀具壽命及磨鈍標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 根據(jù)《切削手冊》表 ,銑刀刀齒后刀面最大磨損量為 ;由于銑刀直徑 d0=80mm,故刀具使用壽命 T=180min(據(jù)《簡明手冊》表 ) 計算切削速度 vc和每分鐘進(jìn)給量 vf 根據(jù)《切削手冊》表 , ,當(dāng) d0=100mm, Z=10, ap≤ , fz≤時, vt=98m/min,nt=322r/min,vft=490mm/min。,過渡刃 Krε=30176。后角 α0= 8176。 —— 粗銑 4 IT12 半精銑 IT11 精銑 1 IT7 后端面 鑄件 CT12 177。 工序 8:車圓角 R2 和倒角 1*45176。 工序 4:以底面為基準(zhǔn),夾緊前后端面,鉆φ 11 孔和φ 16 孔,保證φ 16 孔深為10mm,采用 Z525 鉆床