【正文】 s strategic ,advances in risk and balance sheet management are a clear signal of potential success in the postBasel world. Best practices to look for include: Basel II pliance at closeto IRB advanced level for credit risk,unless this is clearly not strategically important. Proven capability in credit portfolio modeling and (where undertaken) demonstration of economic efficiency of risktransfer initiatives. Moves towards integrated capital management,spanning: 1. optimization of total capital and Tier 1/Tier 2 mix while accounting for regulator,rating agency,creditor and shareholder concerns and costs of capital。 Basel Committee has worked with the International Accounting Standard(IAS) Board to ensure consistency between overlapping reporting ,we expect these new requirements to set the standard for future reporting by financial service institutions globally. Winners and losers Moving to a more risksensitive framework means that capital requirements will change across business lines,banks and ,in turn,means that there will be winners and losers in terms of capital requirement sunder Basel identify the winners and the losers,we have analyzed Basel II39。risk management practices and the amount of risk information that banks must publish to market a consultation period,the Basel Committee is expected to release a final draft of the New Capital Accord late in 2020. The current Basel Capital Accord(BaselI) has had considerable success in reaching its stated aims of strengthening the stability of the international banking system,by increasing capital levels and creating a more level playing field through the consistent application of the accord in different aggregate,current global average levels of Tier 1 capital rose to 8 percent from approximately 6 percent in ,BaselI is used in more than 100 countries,far more than was initially expected. Despite this apparent success in achieving its primary goals,it is clear that Basel I has also had some unintended and undesirable effects,owing to the relatively crude way in which minimum capital requirements are currently the current approach,banks must hold 8 percent of riskweighted assets(RWAs) in eligible book equity (Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital).Most assets are fullyweighted,with very limited recognition of underlying credit risk. The lack of risksensitivity of the current accord has meant that many banks have migrated away from attractively priced,fully RWAs to higherrisk lending or to zero RWAs,even if these assets are to low quality corporate issuers and OECD banks/ symptom of the undesirable effects of Basel I has been the increasing use of regulatory arbitrage aimed at growing returns while limiting regulatory balance sheet growth( revolving loans and RWAdriven securitizations).Another deficiency of the current approach is that it only considers credit and market risk,ignoring operational risk for has meant that certain business lines such as advisory services,asset management,custody and deposit taking have e to be thought of as“riskfree”. The way in which Basel II seeks to address many of the problems associated with its predecessor is briefly summarized in Figure can be seen,Basel II is built around three pillars covering minimum capital requirements,supervisory review and market discipline. Pillar I specifies minimum capital requirements for banks39。 隨著市場(chǎng) 調(diào)整 適應(yīng)新的披露 機(jī)制 和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu) 發(fā)揮 的日益強(qiáng)大的作用 ， 金融服務(wù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境將 會(huì) 相應(yīng) 的 轉(zhuǎn)移 ， 除了 對(duì) 銀行內(nèi)部 的 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和資本管理 水平 有 明顯提升 作用之外，還需對(duì)銀行的業(yè)務(wù)模式進(jìn)行 重新評(píng)估 ，并且 需要更清楚地 對(duì) 股東價(jià)值 的交割 目標(biāo)進(jìn)行 溝通 。 ? 對(duì)內(nèi)部 資本資源 進(jìn)行有效的 經(jīng)濟(jì) 配置 。 最佳實(shí)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和資本管理 是關(guān)鍵 新 巴塞爾協(xié)議代表了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和資本管理的新 紀(jì)元 ， 并 在 銀行 戰(zhàn)略定位 中發(fā)揮著 日益核心 的功能， 因此 ， 這是 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和資產(chǎn)負(fù)債管理 中的 一種進(jìn)步， 它的潛在成功也給后巴塞爾世界釋放了 明確 的 信號(hào) 。 改進(jìn)操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 巴塞爾協(xié)議提出的資本支出 必 將 引導(dǎo) 改 進(jìn)操作 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 績(jī)效 ，即使只存在著微妙的聯(lián)系， 重點(diǎn)在于操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失報(bào)告、風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 監(jiān)控 和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制 。 雖然這部分是由于銀行使用信用卡出售非信貸業(yè)務(wù) 的首要損失 ，這也反映了許多銀行無法 準(zhǔn)確地量化 使其維持在足夠精細(xì)的水平的 信 用 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 。 另外 ， 資本手段 促進(jìn) 經(jīng)濟(jì)資本的 實(shí)施 和 規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后的回報(bào)率 的關(guān)鍵障礙 往往 就 是缺乏一個(gè)可靠的定量的內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)體系。隨之而來的事實(shí)就是 當(dāng)銀行偏向內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)時(shí)， 更大比例的銀行投資組合將被限定， 有可能進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn) 換工具的使用， 如信用衍生工具 、 資產(chǎn)證券化 和二級(jí)債務(wù)資本市場(chǎng) 的 交易 。 在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較低和銀行零售貸款 業(yè)務(wù) 高度集中的北歐地區(qū)，內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)可能會(huì)遭受的大幅的下降。 最大的削減