【導(dǎo)讀】HeckscherandOhlin. H-Otheorem. H-O-Stheorem. S-Stheorem. RybczynskiTheorem. Leontiefparadox. economist[i:'k?n?Economy[i'k?n?mi]andStatistics統(tǒng)計學(xué)。emeritus[i'merit?s]榮譽退職的。professorin1945.sfactorendowment..(Bachelor[?bæt??l?]ofArts文學(xué)士)fromLund. Economics.Ohlin?Tradein1933.Meadein1977.HeckscherandOhlin. H-Otheorem. H-O-Stheorem. S-Stheorem. RybczynskiTheorem. Leontiefparadox. Two-country(AandB),two-goods(XandY),two-factor(KandL). (2×2×2model);X:labor-intensive,Y:capital-intensive;Perfectpetition;Noanybarriers;Fullemployment;Tradebalance.

　　

【正文】 human capital into the trade model, trade pattern of the United States must be pletely reexamined. Harvard University 2020/9/15 Human capital (cont.) ? At first, the US must be regarded as to be abundant in human capital endowment. The relevant statistics suggest that a typical US laborer has an average more years of education than a foreign worker. Thus the US laborers earn a relatively higher salary than their foreign petitors. ? Taking advantages of its abundant human capital the US may have been exporting human capitalintensive goods to the other countries. Such sorts of the US trade is consistent with the basic prediction of the HO theory no paradox at all. ? Peter Kenen in 1965 calculated the value of extra human capital and reexamined trade pattern of the US. He suggested that if the value of human capital were included, the US exports were capitalintensive relative to US imports. This would reverse the Leontief?s paradox. 2020/9/15 Understanding Leontief?s paradox（ LP） :summary Theory Explaining LP Factor intensity reversal No Demand bias No Trade barriers Yes Natural resources Yes Heterogeneous labor No Human capital Yes 2020/9/15 Ch5. NeoClassic Trade Theory ? Heckscher and Ohlin ? The assumptions of HO model ? The basic concepts of HO model ? HO theorem ? HOS theorem ? SS theorem ? Rybczynski Theorem ? Leontief paradox ? The extension of HO model: Specific factor model ? The parison between classic and neoclassic trade theory 2020/9/15 Specific factor model: Overview ? Trade has substantial實質(zhì)的 effects on the ine distribution within each trading nation. ? There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the distribution of ine: – Resources cannot move immediately or costlessly from one industry to another. – Industries differ in the factors of production they demand. ? The specific factors model allows trade to affect ine distribution. 2020/9/15 Specific factor model: Overview (cont.) ? The specific factor (SF) model was originally discussed by Jacob Viner and it is a variant變型 of the Ricardian model. Hence the model is sometimes referred to as the RicardoViner model. The model was later developed and formalized形式化 mathematically by Ronald Jones (1971) and Michael Mussa (1974). Jones referred to it as the 2 good3 factor model. Mussa developed a simple graphical圖解的 depiction描述 of the equilibrium which can be used to portray描繪 some of the model results. It is this view that is presented in most textbooks. ? A specific factor is one which is stuck停留 in an industry or is immobile between industries in response to changes in market conditions. Jacob Viner (18921970) 2020/9/15 Assumptions of the Model ?Assume that we are dealing with one economy that can produce two goods, manufactures and food. ?There are three factors of production。 labor (L), capital (K) and land (T for terrain[39。terein]地域 ). ?Manufactures are produced using capital and labor (but not land). ?Food is produced using land and labor (but not capital). ? Labor is therefore a mobile factor that can be used in either sector. ? Land and capital are both specific factors that can be used only in the production of one good. ?Perfect Competition prevails in all markets. 2020/9/15 Prices, Wages, and Labor Allocation ? In each sector, profitmaximizing employers will demand labor up to the point where the value produced by an additional personhour equals the cost of employing that hour. – The demand curve for labor in the manufacturing sector can be written: MPLM PM = w – The wage rate equals the value of the marginal product of labor in manufacturing. – The demand curve for labor in the food sector can be written: MPLF PF = w – The wage rate equals the value of the marginal product of labor in food. 2020/9/15 ? The wage rate must be the same in both sectors, because of the assumption that labor is freely mobile between sectors. ? The wage rate is determined by the requirement that total labor demand equal total labor supply: LM + LF = L Prices, Wages, and Labor Allocation (cont.) 2020/9/15 PM X MPLM (Demand curve for labor in manufacturing) PF X MPLF (Demand curve for labor in food) Wage rate, W Wage rate, W W1 1 L1M L1F Labor used in manufactures, LM Labor used in food, LF The Allocation of Labor 2020/9/15 Distribution of ine ? What happens to the allocation of labor and the distribution of ine when the prices of food and manufactures change? ? Two cases: ? An equal proportional change in prices ? A change in relative prices 2020/9/15 W1 1 PF increases 10% Wage rate, W Wage rate, W PF 1 X MPLF Labor used in manufactures, LM Labor used in food, LF 10% wage increase PM increases 10% PM 1 X MPLM W2 2 PF 2 X MPLF PM 2 X MPLM An Equal Proportional Increase in the Prices of Manufactures and Food 2020/9/15 – When both prices change in the same proportion, no real changes occur. ? The wage rate (w) rises in the same proportion as the prices, so real wages (. the ratios of the wage rate to the prices of goods) are unaffected. ? The real ines of capital owners and landowners also remain the same. An Equal Proportional Increase in the Prices of Manufactures and Food (cont.) 2020/9/15 PF 1 X MPLF Wage rate, W Wage rate, W PM 1 X MPLM 2 W 2 Labor used in food, LF Labor used in manufactures, LM Amount of labor shifted from food to manufactures Wage rate rises by less than 7%. Why? 7% upward shift in labor demand PM 2 X MPLM 1 W 1 A Rise in the Price of Manufactures PM X MPLM=w 2020/9/15 ? Suppose that PM increases by 10%. Then, we would expe