【正文】 etaphor 暗喻暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演員.(William Shakespeare)整個(gè)世界是座舞臺(tái)，男男女女，演員而已。Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire.(William )教育不是注滿一桶水，而是點(diǎn)燃一把火。① It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（憂郁的）cavern（洞穴）of a room,?② Mark TwainMirror of America③④⑤ Her voice was a whiplash（鞭繩）.⑥ We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’.（2）metonymy 借代，轉(zhuǎn)喻用一事物的名稱(chēng)來(lái)代替另一事物，當(dāng)然這一事物與另一事物是有關(guān)聯(lián)的。He lives by the pen.(=writing).他以寫(xiě)作為生。He is too fond of the bottle(=drinking).他太貪杯了。①②...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe（鎬）（3）synecdoche 提喻以部分指代整體 are lack of hands.（hands 指代人手，勞動(dòng)力）（head指代整個(gè)人） what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of(代替)（purse指代金錢(qián)）（4）personification 擬人把物比喻成人。在修辭學(xué)上，擬人法是指把非人的東西(如動(dòng)物、植物、物體、抽象概念等)當(dāng)作人來(lái)描寫(xiě)，并賦予它們以人的特性、外表及活動(dòng)方式等。① The young moon lies on her back?② Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit（陽(yáng)光照射的）courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels liechewing their hay（干草）?③...to literature39。s enduring gratitude...（文學(xué)的持續(xù)感激）⑤ Bitterness fed on the man...（痛苦為人類(lèi)提供食物）（5）transferred epithet 移就 修飾轉(zhuǎn)移把本應(yīng)該用來(lái)描述甲事物狀態(tài)的定語(yǔ)去形容乙事物，而乙事物卻根本不具備這種性質(zhì)或功能。(轉(zhuǎn)移描述詞。移就修辭格）① Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder② The obese（極為肥胖的）③ I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love these , No Signposts in the Sea)（6）hyperbole 夸張這是一種故意夸大其詞或言過(guò)其實(shí)(overstatement)的修辭手法，其特點(diǎn)是對(duì)表達(dá)對(duì)象進(jìn)行有違常識(shí)或不合邏輯的夸張性描寫(xiě)，以此來(lái)取得強(qiáng)烈的修辭效果。用數(shù)字，形容詞副詞最高級(jí)，全世界，虛擬語(yǔ)氣① The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls② It is a vast, sombre（憂郁的，嚴(yán)峻的）cavern（洞穴）③ I would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④ hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play.⑤⑥ The trial that rocked the world⑦（7）oxymoron 矛盾修飾法Parting is such sweet sorrow.(別離是這樣甜蜜的凄清)athunderous silence無(wú)聲勝有聲amournful optimist悲傷的樂(lè)觀（8）euphemism 委婉語(yǔ)作為一種修辭格，Euphemism(委婉)指的是以較文雅、悅耳或溫婉的說(shuō)法來(lái)代替粗野、刺耳或直露的說(shuō)法。它能借助語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯及其他修辭手段，得體地表達(dá)生活中那些使人尷尬、惹人不快、招人厭惡或令人恐懼的事物。其主要修辭作用是在語(yǔ)言表達(dá)上減少刺激性和敏感性，從而起到一種緩沖或美化作用。英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)數(shù)量眾多，其運(yùn)用范圍涉及到社會(huì)生活諸領(lǐng)域，大致可概括為以下四個(gè)方面 有關(guān)疾病、殘疾、衰老、死亡的委婉語(yǔ)① ? a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the②...men39。s final release from earthly struggle（9）Irony反語(yǔ)the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal ① Hiroshima—the “l(fā)iveliest” city in Japan② ? until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（10）sarcasm 諷刺a cutting, often ironic remark intended to 、過(guò)失、社會(huì)的丑惡現(xiàn)象或黑暗面進(jìn)行譏諷、挖苦,常是有意地傷害他人的感情,所以常含有較強(qiáng)的貶義。My friend the attorneygeneral says that John Scopes knows what he is here for,“ Darrow drawled.”I know what he is here for, is here because ignorance and bigotry(頑固)are rampant① There is some doubt about that.② a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life③ the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from “so simple” a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, maninthestreet(12)ridicule（嘲笑）有意激起對(duì)某人或某事的蔑視的笑或看不起的感情,通常指用一些不太善意的或看起來(lái)比較滑稽和夸張的語(yǔ)言對(duì)不良的或愚蠢的行為進(jìn)行揭露和批評(píng)。④⑤ Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.⑥（11）pun 雙關(guān)① DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.② Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t we shall most assuredly ”(Peter stone and Sherman )如果我們不能緊密地團(tuán)結(jié)在一起，那就必然分散地走上絞刑架。二、結(jié)構(gòu)修辭格（12）parallelism 排比英語(yǔ)中Parallelism是并列使用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上結(jié)構(gòu)和功能相同的單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)表達(dá)相似、相關(guān)或相連的事物。① We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.② I see the Russian soldiers standing ? I see them guarding...I see the ten thousand villages...I see that small group?③ that is our policy and that is our declaration④ We shall be fortified and encouraged in our shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and resources.⑤ Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel us redouble our exertions?（13）repetition 重復(fù)重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)字眼或意思相近的詞，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的。① We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.②③ We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.④（14）anticlimax 反高潮/突降(Climax 層進(jìn)法:逐漸增強(qiáng)達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)的修辭法 I came, I saw, I conquered.)突降法:從有重大意義的內(nèi)容突然轉(zhuǎn)入平淡內(nèi)容Alas！Alas！What shall I do? I39。ve lost my wife and best hat, too!哎呀哎呀！我怎么辦呢？我失去了妻子，又丟了最好的帽子！The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel ?！癝eldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to wele you.(16)antithesis 對(duì)比對(duì)照(或反對(duì))是把意義相反的詞、短語(yǔ)、句子放在對(duì)稱(chēng)的位置上，以表示事物、行為、品德、條件、效果等相對(duì)立或?qū)Ρ鹊男揶o格，以平行結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行表達(dá)，從而突出兩個(gè)事物的鮮明對(duì)比。它相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)對(duì)偶中的反對(duì)。a)Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our man or statewho marches with Hitler is our foe?b)The Christian believes that man came from evolutionist believes that hemust have e from belowc)...between what people claim to be and what they really )...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever(17)rhetorical question 修辭疑問(wèn)句e)Was I not at the scene of the crime?f)Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking astrange white man in the eye?g)In what conceivable way does our car concern you?三、音韻修辭格(18)頭韻法（alliteration）在文句中有兩個(gè)以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組，其開(kāi)頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或聲音，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感。h)?n)?(19)準(zhǔn)押韻（Assonance），元韻，母韻，半諧音，它是重讀音節(jié)中元音的重復(fù)。between the Second International(1934)and the Third International(1961)(20)輔韻（Consonance），指的是詞尾復(fù)印或句尾非重讀音節(jié)的重復(fù)。? when bigots lighted faggots to burn...(21)擬聲法(onomatopoeia)它是指用詞語(yǔ)模擬客觀事物的聲音,以增強(qiáng)講話或文字的實(shí)際音感。)?