【正文】 explores the link between farmland conversion and existing land regulation in conclude that land regulation is lagging the new market trends in the transition economy of market forces continue to penetrate the economy, apparent managerial and statutory problems with regard to local landuse planning and regulation preclude more effective use of to the need for attracting investment in agriculture, the Russian Ministry of Science and Education provided funds for our research project that involves primary data collection and econometric analysis of the interdependencies between governmental policies and farmland unique dataset contains socioeconomic, demographic and spatial geographic 2010 data for 39 municipal districts in the Moscow metropolitan econometric analysis of this data set is used to explore the relationship among farmland quantity, its assessed value, the share of privatized farmland, farmland tax,and landuse zoning in the simultaneous equations the Russian market for real estate has developed quickly, the market for agricultural land is still deals are limited, partly because of the lingering uncertainty about farmland property stateowned farmland is still Moscow regional data suggest a strong positive relationship between the fraction of privatized farmland and farmland acreage, although the fraction of individually and collectively privatized farmland is only 57 %.The direct sale of farmland to foreigners is prohibited decreasing potential foreign investment as a result, the area occupied by agricultural lands has been steadily decreasing and deteriorating in the period 1990 to 2005, tillable lands in Russia have shrunk by million hectares( % of tillable lands).Lacking experience and adequate knowledge, local governments are stuck with the land conservation policies available to the former particular, in an attempt to contain the loss of prime farmland, the regulators retain old landuse zoning laws prohibiting the change of land , strong development pressures and widespread corruption often annihilate the desirable effect of results of our econometric analysis indicate that the proximity to Moscow city and population growth both have a significant negative effect on the amount of farmland, even in the strictlyzonedfor agriculture districts, suggesting strong urban pressure in the capital region of estimated elasticity of farmland acreage with respect to population growth is ? corrupt practice of illegal changes in land status is reflected in the fact that the lands still classified as farmland in the Federal Register of Land are turned into residential or industrial signals a management problem which could be perhaps resolved by the introduction of more flexible zoning and an increase in the range of responsibilities of local governments and their property rights to other economic instrument indispensable in land policy, land assessment, is also based on the former practices of the Communist period following a federally mandated general formula that takes into account soil productivity criteria, topographic features of the landscape, and the presence of irrigation, but still has little in mon with the market price of the agricultural land tax is calculated as the percentage of the assessed value of farmland, which is often below its real market value, local authorities are not interested in developing local agricultural infrastructure or increasing agricultural land base because they will not be able to reap any significant tax benefits from with the low federally mandated upper limits on tax rates( % of the assessed value of agricultural and residential lands)this leads to insufficient local tax revenues and overreliance on intergovernmental to our data for the Moscow region, although localities tend to impose the maximum allowable tax rate, the average share of land tax revenues in local budgets is a mere 5 %.It is not surprising as the average assessed value of farmland across municipalities is 1000 times less than the ongoing average sales price, according to data we insignificant local land tax revenues caused by the underestimated land value lead to insufficient local infrastructure investment, which further suppresses the value of farmland and hastens its results of the econometric analysis indicate lack of statistical significance between the assessed value of farmland and farmland quantity in the Moscow region, making the farmland tax rate an ineffective instrument in land missing link between the farmland quantity and existing land policies may render these policies not just ineffective but even approaches such as the retention of development rights by the government might represent a temporary increasing reliance on local governance in solvinglocal problems would imply improved landuse and public finance planning and,perhaps, a slower farmland conversion Ekaterina Gnedenko1 amp。 Michael Kazmin2。在線出版:2015年7月7日。國際大西洋經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會2015。凍膠分類C10。L33。O57。Q00 本研究報告探討了俄羅斯農(nóng)地轉(zhuǎn)換與現(xiàn)有土地規(guī)制之間的關(guān)系。我們的結(jié)論是，土地監(jiān)管滯后于俄羅斯轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的新市場趨勢。由于市場力量繼續(xù)滲透經(jīng)濟(jì)，在地方土地利用規(guī)劃和管理方面顯然存在管理和法律問題，妨礙了更有效地利用土地。為了應(yīng)對吸引農(nóng)業(yè)投資的需要，俄羅斯科學(xué)和教育部為我們的研究項目提供了資金，該項目涉及對政府政策和農(nóng)田損失之間相互依賴關(guān)系的主要數(shù)據(jù)收集和計量分析。我們獨特的數(shù)據(jù)集包含社會經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口和空間。2010年莫斯科都市地區(qū)39個市轄區(qū)的地理數(shù)據(jù)。通過對該數(shù)據(jù)集的計量分析，探討了在聯(lián)立方程框架下，耕地數(shù)量、其評估值、私有化耕地占比、農(nóng)地稅和土地利用區(qū)劃之間的關(guān)系。雖然俄羅斯房地產(chǎn)市場發(fā)展迅速，但農(nóng)業(yè)用地市場仍很薄弱。農(nóng)田交易是有限的，部分原因是土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的不確定性揮之不去。國有農(nóng)田仍然很重要。我們的莫斯科地區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，私有化耕地和耕地面積的比例之間存在著強(qiáng)烈的正相關(guān)關(guān)系，盡管單獨和集體私有化耕地的比例僅為57%。禁止向外國人直接出售農(nóng)田，也禁止減少潛在的外國投資。因此，農(nóng)地占用的面積一直在穩(wěn)步下降，質(zhì)量也在不斷惡化。在1990年至2005年期間，俄羅斯的可耕種土地減少了1050萬公頃(%)。由于缺乏經(jīng)驗和足夠的知識，地方政府只能依靠前蘇聯(lián)提供的土地保護(hù)政策。特別是，為了遏制主要農(nóng)田的流失，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)保留了禁止改變土地狀況的舊土地用途分區(qū)法。然而，強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展壓力和廣泛的腐敗往往會消滅分區(qū)制的理想效果。我們的計量分析結(jié)果表明，靠近莫斯科城市和人口增長對農(nóng)田的數(shù)量有顯著的負(fù)面影響，即使是在嚴(yán)格的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，這表明莫斯科的首都地區(qū)的城市壓力很大。在人口增長方面。非法改變土地狀況的一種腐敗做法，反映在土地仍然被歸為聯(lián)邦土地登記冊上的土地的土地被轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽≌蚬I(yè)區(qū)的事實。這標(biāo)志著一個管理問題，也許可以通過引進(jìn)更靈活的分區(qū)和增加地方政府的責(zé)任范圍和土地的財產(chǎn)權(quán)來解決。其他經(jīng)濟(jì)工具不可或缺的土地政策、土地評估,也是基于前實踐后共產(chǎn)主義時期的聯(lián)邦法律規(guī)定的一般公式,考慮土壤生產(chǎn)力標(biāo)準(zhǔn),地貌景觀的灌溉的存在,但仍然沒有與市場價格的農(nóng)田。農(nóng)業(yè)土地稅計算時的評估價值的百分比農(nóng)田,這通常是低于其實際市場價值,當(dāng)?shù)卣l(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不感興趣或增加農(nóng)業(yè)用地基地,因為他們將無法獲得任何重大稅收優(yōu)惠。再加上聯(lián)邦政府規(guī)定的低稅率(%)，這將導(dǎo)致當(dāng)?shù)囟愂帐杖氩蛔悖⑦^度依賴政府間轉(zhuǎn)移。根據(jù)我們對莫斯科地區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)