【正文】 ng task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).該句為主從復(fù)合句。主句為Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks，have effects on sth意為“對……有影響”。if引導(dǎo)條件從句，其主干為one is performing a watch keeping task，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a watch keeping task。該定語從句的主干為that(a watch keeping task)requires vigilance，in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語，修飾名詞vigilance。翻譯：在某些任務(wù)的工作過程中，噪聲會造成意想不到的危害。例如，一個(gè)人正執(zhí)行一件需要高度警惕的觀察工作，負(fù)責(zé)檢測某種弱信號（如，觀察雷達(dá)屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn)）。 you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to pensate for the 。句首為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，句子主干為you may have noticed that …and that …，其賓語由and連接的兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句構(gòu)成。翻譯：如果你坐在噴氣式飛機(jī)的后部，首先你會注意到進(jìn)行談話是多么困難，最終，你不得不提高音量來抵消噪音的影響。三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析這篇文章主要探討噪音對人類及其行為的有害影響。文章主題明確，層次清晰，總體結(jié)構(gòu)為總分結(jié)構(gòu)，可以分為兩個(gè)部分。第一部分為總（第一段）：提出噪音現(xiàn)象，給出噪音定義，并指出人們開始關(guān)注噪音對人類行為的影響。第二部分為分（第二、三和四段）：論述噪音對人類及其行為的有害影響。第二段指出噪音會造成人類聽力的部分或完全喪失。第三段指出噪音會對某些工作執(zhí)行造成意想不到的危害。第四段指出噪音會對人際交流造成不良影響。四、試題具體分析 differs from sound15．噪音與聲音的不同之處在于噪音是________。[A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done [A] 干擾人們工作的聲音[B] it is a special type of loud sound [B] 一種特別類型的大音量的聲音 [C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities [C] 在大城市中通常難以避免 [D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter [D] 其定義可以比聲音的定義更加準(zhǔn)確【分析】本題所考查的知識點(diǎn)是：具體細(xì)節(jié)題。眾所周知，噪音是聲音的一種。文章首段給出了噪音的兩種定義，一種是人們的通俗定義，噪音是人們不想聽到的聲音；另一種是較為準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)定義，噪音是與當(dāng)前任務(wù)無關(guān)的聲音，即干擾人們工作的聲音。[A]選項(xiàng)是第二種定義的同義改寫，為正確項(xiàng)。[B]選項(xiàng)以偏概全，音量大是噪音的特點(diǎn)之一，但并非噪音的唯一特點(diǎn)。[C]和[D]選項(xiàng)利用文中出現(xiàn)詞語large city、define和precisely捏造無關(guān)干擾。 of the harmful effects of noise on 。[A] it reduces one?s sensitivity [A] 降低人們的敏感性 [B] it renders the victim helpless [B] 使受害者感到無助 [C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music [C] 剝奪人們享受音樂的快樂 [D] it drowns out conversations at worksites [D] 淹沒人們在工作地點(diǎn)的對話【分析】本題所考查的知識點(diǎn)是：具體細(xì)節(jié)題。第二、三和四段論述噪音對人類的有害影響。第三段指出噪音會干擾某些任務(wù)的執(zhí)行，該段以一項(xiàng)需要高度警惕的觀察工作（如監(jiān)測雷達(dá)屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn)）為例暗示噪音會分散觀察者的注意力，即降低人們的敏感性，[A]選項(xiàng)正確。[B]和[C]選項(xiàng)從文中無從推知。[D]選項(xiàng)利用第四段“噪音對人際交流產(chǎn)生不良影響”進(jìn)行干擾，但文中指出人們會根據(jù)噪音音量來提高自己說話的音量，而不是對話完全被噪音淹沒。 purpose of this pas[A] to define the effects of noise on human behavior [B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution [C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss [D] to tell the difference between noise and sound。[A] 確定噪音對人類行為的影響 [B] 警告人們噪音污染的危險(xiǎn) [C] 提供如何避免聽力喪失的建議 [D] 敘述噪音與聲音之間的差異【分析】本題所考查的知識點(diǎn)是：文章主旨題。這篇文章采取總分結(jié)構(gòu)探討噪音對人類及其行為的影響。第一段為總，提出噪音現(xiàn)象以及人們對噪音對人類行為的影響的關(guān)注。第二、三和四段為分，論述噪音對人類行為的具體影響，包括造成人類聽力部分或完全喪失、影響工作任務(wù)的執(zhí)行、阻礙人際交流。[A]選項(xiàng)是文章內(nèi)容的總體概括，為正確項(xiàng)。[B]和[D]選項(xiàng)以偏概全，[B]僅能概括文章第二段部分內(nèi)容，即噪音會造成聽力喪失（噪音污染的危險(xiǎn)之一）；[D]僅提及第一段噪音定義的部分內(nèi)容，兩者都不能完全概括全篇內(nèi)容。[C]選項(xiàng)無中生有，文章第二段提及噪音會造成聽力喪失，但作者并未就此提出任何建議。五、全文翻譯如果你居住在一個(gè)大城市，對噪音問題就再熟悉不過了，然而，因?yàn)殛P(guān)注它的一些有害影響，你可能沒有意識到它對人們行為舉止的影響程度。雖然每個(gè)人都或多或少知道噪音是什么（即人們不想聽到的聲音），但是最好是從科學(xué)目的角度來為其更準(zhǔn)確地下定義。其中的一種定義是：噪音是與當(dāng)前任務(wù)無關(guān)的聲音。因此，根據(jù)人們手頭的工作，某些時(shí)候的刺激在另外一些時(shí)候就是噪音。最近幾年，人們對噪音對人類行為的影響產(chǎn)生極大興趣，諸如“噪音污染”的概念也隨之出現(xiàn)，同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的還有減少噪音的種種行動(dòng)。置身于嘈雜環(huán)境無疑能造成聽力的部分或完全喪失，這要看噪聲的強(qiáng)度、持續(xù)時(shí)間和頻率構(gòu)成。目前許多工作都存在噪音危害，如工作在工廠中或噴氣機(jī)的周圍、駕駛農(nóng)場拖拉機(jī)、在演奏搖滾樂的音樂廳中工作（或僅僅身處其中）。一般來說，持續(xù)呆在超過80分貝（判斷聲音大小的度量）的噪音環(huán)境中被認(rèn)為是危險(xiǎn)的。分貝的大小和各種聲音的大小一致。如果呆在超過85分貝噪音環(huán)境中的時(shí)間足夠長，將會造成嚴(yán)重的聽力喪失。實(shí)際的聽力喪失程度要看噪音的具體頻率和噪音是持續(xù)性的還是間歇性的。在某些任務(wù)的工作過程中，噪聲會造成意想不到的危害。例如，一個(gè)人正執(zhí)行一件需要高度警惕的觀察工作，負(fù)責(zé)檢測某種弱信號（如，觀察雷達(dá)屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn)）。噪音對人際交流也會產(chǎn)生不良影響。如果你坐在噴氣式飛機(jī)的后部，首先你會注意到進(jìn)行談話是多么困難，最終，你不得不提高音量來抵消噪音的影響。噪音就是問題的根源。Text 3 ①The traditional belief that a woman?s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.②It is said that it is a woman?s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children.③Thus a woman?s whole period of childbearing may occur within five years.④Furthermore, with pulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases.⑤Thus, even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years.①It might be argued that the houseproud woman would still find plenty to do about the home.②That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing.③Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.④Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many precooked foods are obtainable in tins.⑤Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be pleted in one day a week.⑥The new manmade fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending, while good readymade clothes are cheap and plentiful.①Apart from women?s own happiness, the needs of the munity must be considered.②Modern society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions and other kinds of work.③There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of the occupations followed by women.④It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.⑤The training, it is true, will help her in duties as a mother, but if she continued to work, her service would be more widely useful.⑥Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffed by women, many of them married.⑦While here the question of training is not so important, industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not 、詞匯1．maintain ,保養(yǎng)2．pulsory 3．cease 4．drudgery ,苦工 5．laundry ，洗衣6．fiber 二、長難句 traditional belief that a woman?s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present traditional belief …can hardly be reasonably maintained，主語名詞belief后接有兩個(gè)that連接的從句做同位語。翻譯：傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為女性屬于家庭而非外出工作，但這一觀念已經(jīng)不再適用于當(dāng)今情況。 machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest model