【正文】 。這比1978至1987年的平均增長(zhǎng)速度高兩倍多。問(wèn)題在于，近年發(fā)生的生產(chǎn)力快速增長(zhǎng)現(xiàn)象部分是由于商業(yè)周期到了這時(shí)候通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)的反彈造成的，因而它不是經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇已經(jīng)是潛在趨勢(shì)的確鑿證據(jù)。（長(zhǎng)難句②）正如財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)羅伯特魯賓所說(shuō)的，大量有關(guān)生產(chǎn)力飛躍增長(zhǎng)的商業(yè)傳奇與統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況之間存在著“出入”。（長(zhǎng)難句③）這其中的一些原因很容易解釋。企業(yè)重組的新方法——所有那些重新規(guī)劃和縮小規(guī)模的做法——只能對(duì)一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體生產(chǎn)力做出一方面的貢獻(xiàn)，而生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展還受到許多其它因素的驅(qū)動(dòng)，如設(shè)備機(jī)械上的聯(lián)合投資、新技術(shù)、以及教育和培訓(xùn)上的投資。（長(zhǎng)難句④）另外，公司大部分的改革是為了贏利，而達(dá)到贏利的目的不一定非要提高生產(chǎn)力：轉(zhuǎn)入新的市場(chǎng)或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也會(huì)有同樣的功效。(長(zhǎng)難句⑤)其他兩種解釋帶有很大的猜測(cè)性。一種解釋認(rèn)為，近年來(lái)的一些企業(yè)重組也許進(jìn)行得并不恰當(dāng)。另一種解釋則認(rèn)為，即使有成效，效果也沒(méi)能象人們所設(shè)想的那樣廣泛。 哈佛學(xué)者，快速發(fā)展的面包咖啡連鎖店Au Bon Pain的前任總裁萊昂納多施萊辛格說(shuō)，“重新規(guī)劃”大多是粗糙的。他認(rèn)為在很多情況下，企業(yè)收益的損失超出了成本的降低。他的同事邁克比爾說(shuō)，太多的公司采用了機(jī)械的方式進(jìn)行重組，沒(méi)有充分考慮長(zhǎng)期贏利能力就削減成本。BBDD的艾爾羅森夏恩更是直言不諱。他把重組顧問(wèn)所做的許多工作視為垃圾——“典型的勞而無(wú)獲”。（佳句②）10.“反科學(xué)”標(biāo)簽的濫用（1998年 Text 3）難度：（1）Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileos 17thcentury trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. （1）（2）The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific munity was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University。 and The DemonHaunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “the Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of （Mis）information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience （3）tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. (3)But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News amp。 World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of being meaningless. （3）“The term‘a(chǎn)ntiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things, ” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and AntiScience. (3)“They have in mon only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析這是一篇批評(píng)濫貼“反科學(xué)”標(biāo)簽的文章，作者從自然科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)的分歧入手，轉(zhuǎn)而提到“反科學(xué)”這一現(xiàn)象，最后提出科學(xué)界把很多學(xué)科歸為“反科學(xué)”的做法。文章主要使用了例證、引證和說(shuō)理三種論證手段。文章是總—分—總結(jié)構(gòu)，但是段落較多，有些意群被分割，理解上有一定困難。第一段：前兩句為引子，引出最后一句，即本世紀(jì)自然科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)之間的分裂更深了。第二至三段：通過(guò)例證法說(shuō)明自然科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)之間的分歧，即科學(xué)界開(kāi)始通過(guò)著書(shū)和集會(huì)抨擊“反科學(xué)”勢(shì)力。第四至七段：“反科學(xué)”這一標(biāo)簽被貼在了不同群體上。但將環(huán)保主義者也歸為“反科學(xué)”則是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。第八段：使用引證法指出被“反科學(xué)”涵蓋的各種不同的東西的共同點(diǎn)。二、試題具體分析 word “schism” (line 3,paragraph1) in the context probably means .“schism”的含義是。\[A\] confrontation\[A\] 對(duì)抗、沖突\[B\] dissatisfaction\[B\] 不滿(mǎn)\[C\] separation\[C\] 分裂、分歧\[D\] contempt\[D\] 蔑視\[答案\] C\[分析\] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：詞義題。難度：第一段第一句指出，一直以來(lái)自然科學(xué)和文化其他方面的關(guān)系都很緊張；第二句舉例之后，第三句提到，本世紀(jì)自然科學(xué)與人文科學(xué)之間的schism更深了。顯然，第一句和第三句在內(nèi)容上相呼應(yīng)。Long和in this century，other aspects of culture和humanities相互對(duì)應(yīng)。由此可推知，schism指的就是uneasy relationship。自然科學(xué)和文化其他方面（人文科學(xué)）都屬于文化的范疇，因此它們之間的“緊張關(guān)系”應(yīng)是學(xué)科之間的“對(duì)抗、分歧”。A選項(xiàng)和謂語(yǔ)deepen不搭配，只有裂痕才能“加深”，而對(duì)抗只能“加強(qiáng)”。B、D選項(xiàng)多指人的態(tài)度，明顯不符文意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。超綱詞補(bǔ)充：schism：strong disagreement wihin an organization that makes its members divide into separate groups（主要指宗教團(tuán)體和社會(huì)團(tuán)體發(fā)生的）分裂。 2 and 3 are written 、三段的寫(xiě)作目的是。\[A\] discuss the cause of the decline of sciences power\[A\] 討論科學(xué)影響力下降的原因\[B\] show the authors sympathy with scientists\[B\] 表示作者對(duì)科學(xué)家的同情\[C\] explain the way in which science develops\[C\] 說(shuō)明科學(xué)發(fā)展的方式\[D\] exemplify the division of science and the humanities\[D\] 例證說(shuō)明自然科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科的分歧\[答案\] D\[分析\] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：寫(xiě)作目的題。難度：文章第一段提出了全文的主旨：自然科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科之間的分裂在加深。第二段指出科學(xué)家通過(guò)著書(shū)來(lái)抨擊“反科學(xué)”勢(shì)力，并列出了代表性人物及作品。第三段談到科學(xué)的捍衛(wèi)者在集會(huì)上表示了他們的擔(dān)憂(yōu)，并提到了兩次具體的集會(huì)。由此可知，第二段和第三段是第一段的順接和延伸，D選項(xiàng)是其寫(xiě)作目的。第二段雖然提到“以前，科學(xué)界如此之強(qiáng)大．．．但現(xiàn)在不同了。由于科研經(jīng)費(fèi)減少．．．”，但A選項(xiàng)不是兩段主要涉及的內(nèi)容,當(dāng)然也不是寫(xiě)作目的。B和C選項(xiàng)文中均未涉及。 of the following is true according to the passage?？\[A\] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.\[A\] 環(huán)境保護(hù)者在一篇文章里被指責(zé)為反科學(xué)者。\[B\] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.\[B\] 政治家不容易被貼上反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽。\[C\] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.\[C\] “更有見(jiàn)識(shí)的人”傾向于給別人貼上反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽。\[D\] Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.\[D\] 把環(huán)境保護(hù)者冠以“反科學(xué)”的稱(chēng)謂是有道理的。\[答案\] A\[分析\] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：綜合細(xì)節(jié)題。難度：A選項(xiàng)與第六段末句提到的“去年五月《美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道》在一篇文章中似乎暗示環(huán)境保護(hù)者是反科學(xué)的”內(nèi)容相符。因此是正確答案。B選項(xiàng)與第五段提到的“從官方人士到共和黨人都被貼上反科學(xué)標(biāo)簽”的內(nèi)容相悖。C選項(xiàng)中more enlightened只在文末出現(xiàn)，指那些被“反科學(xué)”標(biāo)簽激怒或威脅，自以為比別人更有見(jiàn)識(shí)的人，而不是給別人貼標(biāo)簽的人。D選項(xiàng)與第七段第二句“這并不意味著，對(duì)不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔(dān)憂(yōu)的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學(xué)的”相悖。 authors attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” 。\[A\] impartial\[A\] 公平的，不偏不倚的\[B\] subjective\[B\] 主觀的\[C\] biased\[C\] 有偏向的\[D\] puzzling\[D\] 令人困惑的\[答案\] A\[分析\] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：作者態(tài)度題。難度：從文章結(jié)構(gòu)看，作者首先提出自然科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科之間的分歧越來(lái)越大并舉例說(shuō)明。然后作者談到“反科學(xué)”這一詞語(yǔ)適用的對(duì)象。作者只是客觀地?cái)⑹鲎匀豢茖W(xué)和人文學(xué)科之間的論戰(zhàn)，而并未評(píng)價(jià)孰好孰壞，態(tài)度不偏不倚。因而A選項(xiàng)表述了作者的態(tài)度。技巧:①當(dāng)涉及到某一事物的好壞時(shí)，作者無(wú)論贊成或反對(duì)態(tài)度，在文中都會(huì)有明確表示，因此帶有中立感情色彩的詞通常不入選。而在評(píng)判某一事物或觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，作者態(tài)度必須客觀或支持或反對(duì)，或肯定或否定。②表漠不關(guān)心的詞匯不入選。③區(qū)分作者態(tài)度和文中其他人的態(tài)度，考生應(yīng)保持旁觀者的立場(chǎng)