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。這比1978至1987年的平均增長速度高兩倍多。問題在于,近年發(fā)生的生產(chǎn)力快速增長現(xiàn)象部分是由于商業(yè)周期到了這時候通常會出現(xiàn)的反彈造成的,因而它不是經(jīng)濟復蘇已經(jīng)是潛在趨勢的確鑿證據(jù)。(長難句②)正如財政部長羅伯特魯賓所說的,大量有關(guān)生產(chǎn)力飛躍增長的商業(yè)傳奇與統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況之間存在著“出入”。(長難句③)這其中的一些原因很容易解釋。企業(yè)重組的新方法——所有那些重新規(guī)劃和縮小規(guī)模的做法——只能對一個經(jīng)濟的整體生產(chǎn)力做出一方面的貢獻,而生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展還受到許多其它因素的驅(qū)動,如設(shè)備機械上的聯(lián)合投資、新技術(shù)、以及教育和培訓上的投資。(長難句④)另外,公司大部分的改革是為了贏利,而達到贏利的目的不一定非要提高生產(chǎn)力:轉(zhuǎn)入新的市場或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也會有同樣的功效。(長難句⑤)其他兩種解釋帶有很大的猜測性。一種解釋認為,近年來的一些企業(yè)重組也許進行得并不恰當。另一種解釋則認為,即使有成效,效果也沒能象人們所設(shè)想的那樣廣泛。 哈佛學者,快速發(fā)展的面包咖啡連鎖店Au Bon Pain的前任總裁萊昂納多施萊辛格說,“重新規(guī)劃”大多是粗糙的。他認為在很多情況下,企業(yè)收益的損失超出了成本的降低。他的同事邁克比爾說,太多的公司采用了機械的方式進行重組,沒有充分考慮長期贏利能力就削減成本。BBDD的艾爾羅森夏恩更是直言不諱。他把重組顧問所做的許多工作視為垃圾——“典型的勞而無獲”。(佳句②)10.“反科學”標簽的濫用(1998年 Text 3)難度:(1)Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileos 17thcentury trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. (1)(2)The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific munity was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University。 and The DemonHaunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “the Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience (3)tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. (3)But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News amp。 World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of being meaningless. (3)“The term‘a(chǎn)ntiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things, ” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and AntiScience. (3)“They have in mon only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析這是一篇批評濫貼“反科學”標簽的文章,作者從自然科學和人文科學的分歧入手,轉(zhuǎn)而提到“反科學”這一現(xiàn)象,最后提出科學界把很多學科歸為“反科學”的做法。文章主要使用了例證、引證和說理三種論證手段。文章是總—分—總結(jié)構(gòu),但是段落較多,有些意群被分割,理解上有一定困難。第一段:前兩句為引子,引出最后一句,即本世紀自然科學和人文科學之間的分裂更深了。第二至三段:通過例證法說明自然科學和人文科學之間的分歧,即科學界開始通過著書和集會抨擊“反科學”勢力。第四至七段:“反科學”這一標簽被貼在了不同群體上。但將環(huán)保主義者也歸為“反科學”則是不恰當?shù)摹5诎硕危菏褂靡C法指出被“反科學”涵蓋的各種不同的東西的共同點。二、試題具體分析 word “schism” (line 3,paragraph1) in the context probably means .“schism”的含義是。\[A\] confrontation\[A\] 對抗、沖突\[B\] dissatisfaction\[B\] 不滿\[C\] separation\[C\] 分裂、分歧\[D\] contempt\[D\] 蔑視\[答案\] C\[分析\] 本題考核的知識點是:詞義題。難度:第一段第一句指出,一直以來自然科學和文化其他方面的關(guān)系都很緊張;第二句舉例之后,第三句提到,本世紀自然科學與人文科學之間的schism更深了。顯然,第一句和第三句在內(nèi)容上相呼應。Long和in this century,other aspects of culture和humanities相互對應。由此可推知,schism指的就是uneasy relationship。自然科學和文化其他方面(人文科學)都屬于文化的范疇,因此它們之間的“緊張關(guān)系”應是學科之間的“對抗、分歧”。A選項和謂語deepen不搭配,只有裂痕才能“加深”,而對抗只能“加強”。B、D選項多指人的態(tài)度,明顯不符文意。因此C選項正確。超綱詞補充:schism:strong disagreement wihin an organization that makes its members divide into separate groups(主要指宗教團體和社會團體發(fā)生的)分裂。 2 and 3 are written 、三段的寫作目的是。\[A\] discuss the cause of the decline of sciences power\[A\] 討論科學影響力下降的原因\[B\] show the authors sympathy with scientists\[B\] 表示作者對科學家的同情\[C\] explain the way in which science develops\[C\] 說明科學發(fā)展的方式\[D\] exemplify the division of science and the humanities\[D\] 例證說明自然科學和人文學科的分歧\[答案\] D\[分析\] 本題考核的知識點是:寫作目的題。難度:文章第一段提出了全文的主旨:自然科學和人文學科之間的分裂在加深。第二段指出科學家通過著書來抨擊“反科學”勢力,并列出了代表性人物及作品。第三段談到科學的捍衛(wèi)者在集會上表示了他們的擔憂,并提到了兩次具體的集會。由此可知,第二段和第三段是第一段的順接和延伸,D選項是其寫作目的。第二段雖然提到“以前,科學界如此之強大...但現(xiàn)在不同了。由于科研經(jīng)費減少...”,但A選項不是兩段主要涉及的內(nèi)容,當然也不是寫作目的。B和C選項文中均未涉及。 of the following is true according to the passage??\[A\] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.\[A\] 環(huán)境保護者在一篇文章里被指責為反科學者。\[B\] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.\[B\] 政治家不容易被貼上反科學的標簽。\[C\] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.\[C\] “更有見識的人”傾向于給別人貼上反科學的標簽。\[D\] Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.\[D\] 把環(huán)境保護者冠以“反科學”的稱謂是有道理的。\[答案\] A\[分析\] 本題考核的知識點是:綜合細節(jié)題。難度:A選項與第六段末句提到的“去年五月《美國新聞與世界報道》在一篇文章中似乎暗示環(huán)境保護者是反科學的”內(nèi)容相符。因此是正確答案。B選項與第五段提到的“從官方人士到共和黨人都被貼上反科學標簽”的內(nèi)容相悖。C選項中more enlightened只在文末出現(xiàn),指那些被“反科學”標簽激怒或威脅,自以為比別人更有見識的人,而不是給別人貼標簽的人。D選項與第七段第二句“這并不意味著,對不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔憂的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學的”相悖。 authors attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” 。\[A\] impartial\[A\] 公平的,不偏不倚的\[B\] subjective\[B\] 主觀的\[C\] biased\[C\] 有偏向的\[D\] puzzling\[D\] 令人困惑的\[答案\] A\[分析\] 本題考核的知識點是:作者態(tài)度題。難度:從文章結(jié)構(gòu)看,作者首先提出自然科學和人文學科之間的分歧越來越大并舉例說明。然后作者談到“反科學”這一詞語適用的對象。作者只是客觀地敘述自然科學和人文學科之間的論戰(zhàn),而并未評價孰好孰壞,態(tài)度不偏不倚。因而A選項表述了作者的態(tài)度。技巧:①當涉及到某一事物的好壞時,作者無論贊成或反對態(tài)度,在文中都會有明確表示,因此帶有中立感情色彩的詞通常不入選。而在評判某一事物或觀點時,作者態(tài)度必須客觀或支持或反對,或肯定或否定。②表漠不關(guān)心的詞匯不入選。③區(qū)分作者態(tài)度和文中其他人的態(tài)度,考生應保持旁觀者的立場