【正文】 have been placed in the same monasteries 10．佛教在中國傳播時，僧人把“道場”中國化，為不同的菩薩安排了不同的“道場”。As Buddhism spread throughout China，Buddhist monks added Chinese characteristics to the Daochang and accordingly placed different Buddhas in the different Daochang in China． 11．四個主要宗派為天臺宗、華嚴宗、凈土宗和禪宗，這四個宗派都形成于公元581年到755年之間。這些宗派在中國和日本有相當大的影響。The four major sects(Tiantai，Huayan，Jingtu and Chan)appeared between 581 and ., and they had considerable influence in both China and Japan．12．“八正道”為“正見”、“正思維”、“正語”、“正業(yè)”、“正命”、“正勤”、“正念”、“正定”。This eightfold path consists of right knowledge, right thought，right speech，right behavior，fight livelihood，fight effort，right mindfulness and right concentration． 13．修“八正道”的佛法修行人渴望實現(xiàn)“涅磐”。“涅槧”超越了死亡和諸種煩惱，脫離了生死的輪回，進人到安靜、自在、無為的快樂境界中。By following the eightfold path，Buddhist followers aim to attain Nirvana, a condition of eternal and tranquil bliss that is beyond the limits of death，rebirth，thoughts and feelings． 14．釋迦牟尼是一位王子。他年輕時，痛感人世間遭受的貧窮、苦難、疾病、死亡。29歲時他毅然舍棄物欲世界，出家修行。．Sakyamuni was a prince．When he was young, he sadly saw that people suffered in poverty，pain，sickness and death．Around the age of 29，the prince made his break from the material world and plunged off in search of enlightenment． 15．傳說，釋迦牟尼來到一棵菩提樹下，靜坐苦思，后來覺悟成佛。As the story goes，Sakyamuni came to a fig tree．He sat beneath it and then he slipped into deep meditation．Afterwards he achieved enlightenment and became Buddha．16．“四諦”即苦、集、滅、道。The four noble truths：life is suffering，the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the eightfold path．17．大乘佛教認為，每個人與一切眾生都有著同體的聯(lián)系，佛祖不會入涅檗而拋棄眾生，相反，他會繼續(xù)普度眾生。Mahayana Buddhism(Greater Vehicle)holds that the fate of an individual is linked to the fate of all others．The Buddha doesn39。t float off into his own Nirvana，leaving other people continues to exude spiritual、help to those see—king Nirvana． 18．小乘佛教認為，涅桀之路是個人的追求。凡要證得涅槧者，必須自己走自己的路。Hinayana(Lesser Vehicle)holds that the path to Nirvana is an individual pursuit．People who seek Nirvana must tread its path on their own．19．天臺宗為中國佛教最早的宗派，創(chuàng)始人為中國隋代的智顫。他以《妙法蓮華經(jīng)》為基本依據(jù)，將其他佛教經(jīng)典分為“五時八教”，提倡禪定和佛教義理雙修。Tiantai was the earliest sect of Chinese Buddhism．It was founded by Zhiyi during the Sui Dynasty．Zhiyi took the Lotus Sutra as his basis； he classified the other Buddhist sutras into five periods and eight types of teachings and he also emphasized both meditation practice and scriptural study．20．華嚴宗出現(xiàn)于公元7世紀，創(chuàng)始人為唐朝的法藏。此宗在公元7世紀后期傳入朝鮮，公元725年到740年之間傳人日本。Huayan Sect was established in the 7th century by a Chinese monk，F(xiàn)a Zang，of the Tang Dynasty．This sect reached Korea in the late 7th century，and Japan between 725 and 740． 21．禪宗是佛教的一個宗派。梵文“dhyana”的漢語音譯為“禪那”，意思是“靜慮”。相傳印度的菩提達摩創(chuàng)建了此宗禪法，中國人稱他為“達摩”。此宗重視禪定，認為人人心里都有佛性。Chan Buddhism is a sect of Mahayana Buddhism．The“Channa” is a transliteration of the Sanskrit term“dhyana”．which means“meditation”．It is said that the founder of the Chan Buddhism was Bodhidharma who was known to the Chinese as Da Mo．This sect emphasizes meditation，it holdsthat the universal“Buddha, nature” is immanent within ourselves．22．凈土宗以描述西方凈土的印度佛教經(jīng)典為基礎(chǔ)，凡是一心專念阿彌陀佛的修行者和認為傳統(tǒng)佛教的清規(guī)戒律太繁瑣的居士，都可以專修此法。Jingtu Buddhism is based upon a number of Indian Buddhist texts describing a pure land to the west．Especially it is designed for those, who devoutly chant the name of Amitabha and for laypersons who find traditional Buddhist moral rules and meditation discipline too strict． 23．藏族人信仰佛教。藏傳佛教俗稱“喇嘛教”。在公元7世紀吐蕃國王松贊干布統(tǒng)治時期，佛教傳人西藏。公元14世紀末，藏傳佛教有了不同的宗派，其中包括紅教、白教和黃教。The Tibetan people believe in Buddhism．It is called Lamaism．It spread into Tibet during the reign of Tubo King Songtsan Gambo in the 7th century．By the end of the 14th century，the Tibetan Buddhism had a variety of sects, including the Red Sect，the White Sect and the Yellow Sect．24．公元前65年，佛教傳播到中國。傳播者為兩個印度僧人，他們受漢明帝邀請，來中國建立寺廟。剛開始，由于主流傳統(tǒng)文化的原因，佛教在中國并沒有什么影響。Buddhism was first introduced to China about 65 B．C．by two Indian monks who had been invited by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty to establish a monastery in China．In the beginning，Buddhism did not have much influence in China due to the prevailing traditional Chinese culture． 25．在早期，佛教術(shù)語、思想，以及佛教的藝術(shù)形式必須中國本土化。初期的一種辦法是用道家術(shù)語，其優(yōu)點是讓人聽起來熟悉。At the early stage，Buddhist word and ideas, as well as its artistic forms, had to be translated into Chinese terms．One early solution was to employ Daoist terminology，and this had the advantage of sounding familiar．26．普賢的坐騎是白象，“普賢”之意即為德行無邊無量。普賢是釋迦牟尼的肋侍之一，有些寺廟把釋迦牟尼、文殊、普賢同祀于大雄寶殿。Puxian(Samantabhadra)symboHzes infinite virtue and is represented riding a white elephant．“Puxian”is considered to be one of Sakvamuni’s close assistants．In some monasteries，the statues of Sakyamuni．Wenshu and Puxian statues are placed in the Grand Buddha Hall． 27．阿彌陀佛又名接引佛，他隨釋迦牟尼得道成佛。接引佛為西方極樂世界的教主，能接引眾生，往生西方凈土。Amitabha is also called Jieyin Buddha．Along with Sakvamuni．he attained the state of Buddhahood through his perfect enlightenment．Amitabha takes charge of the Buddhist Western Paradise．a(chǎn)nd his work is to usher sentient beings into the paradise when they pass away． 28．彌勒佛通常供在寺廟的第一重殿。佛教傳人中國后，彌勒佛迅速“中國化”，在民間廣受崇拜。The statue of Maitreya is usually placed in the first main hall of a monastery．When Buddhism entered China．Maitreya quickly took on Chinese characteristics and became popular among the people．29．觀音有三十三種化身，如千手相、十一面相、四十八臂相。觀音有大慈大悲、救苦救難菩薩之號，他的法力廣大，因中國古典文學(xué)名著《西游記》而家喻戶曉。Guanyin has 33 various images．including an image with 1000 hands，an image with 11 faces． and an image with 48 arms．Guanyin serves as the Bodhisattva of perfect passion and kindness，helping the needy and relieving the distressed．His infinite Buddhist power is known in every household due to the popularity of the famous Chinese literary classic，The Pilgrimage to the West．30．根據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典，文殊菩薩是轉(zhuǎn)輪圣王的第三太子。相傳佛教傳人中國后，他在五臺山顯相。文殊手持寶劍，表示法力廣大、 to the Buddhist classics．Wenshu was the third son of the Holy King in charge of reincarnations． Legend has it that as Buddhists entered China，Wenshu appeared on Mt．Wutai．