【正文】 1865（civil war）,gilded age(鍍金時代，國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭到20世紀(jì)初)，1949（north Atlantic treaty），1950s（civil rights movement）19501975（the Vietnam war），1972（Watergate scandal）1972(訪華)，1979（中美建交）ⅤAmerican political 美國憲法是世界上最早的成文憲法，（1789討論成立，國會兩院，三分之二以上贊成便可以對憲法進行修改。）政黨(democratic and republican party)Ⅵeconomy ：federal reserve system(coin money), wheat is American’s most important food crop, cotton is a leading mercial crop in south , greatest user and producer of tobacco , second export of rice after Thailand Ⅶeducation :616Ⅷfestival。Christmas(December 25),martin Luther king’s day(the third Monday in January),Lincoln’s day(February 12)George Washington’s birthday(the third Monday in February),Easter Sunday(a Sunday between march 22 and April 25)independence day(July 4), Halloween(October 31),thanksgiving day(the fourth Thursday in November)Ⅸ重要城市New York（largest city，big apple，five boroughs ：Manhattan，Brooklyn，queens，the Bronx and the Staten island）Boston（largest and vibrant city in new England，with the greatest concentration of colleges and universities）Los Angeles（the pacific coast’s largest and busiest mercial city with the second largest population，Hollywood）New Oreleans is the second busiest port in the united states after New York , 5Chicago（has the world’s best collection of modern architecture，sears Tower）6San Francisco（crazy city，the world’s largest gay munities）7Atlanta（1996 Olympic games，the home of martin Luther king，the headquarters of CNN and cocacola）Salk lake city（salty water，so many Mormons ,摩門教徒）第三節(jié) 加拿大概況（1931,正式獨立60%的人口集中在Quebec city and the western end of lake Ontario，both French and English is the official language。兩條主要的河流是：Mackenzie（longest）and （most important river）Capital is Ottawa in Ontario，Quebec is the largest province，Vancouver is British Columbia’s largest city，and also is the largest cargo port）Quebec has the western hemisphere’s largest deposits of asbestos（石棉），Canada has bee the largest exporter of fish，the oldest university is Laval university（拉瓦勒大學(xué)）the largest is the university of Toronto（多倫多大學(xué)）第四節(jié) 澳大利亞 Divided into three regionthe great western plateau，西部高原，the eastern highlands 東部高地（the great barrier reef 大堡礁，Murray river as the longest river）the central eastern lowlands 中東部低地 kangaroos and emus（the largest native desert animal 3 Anzac day（澳新軍團，April 25）is the most important holiday。4 world’s largest exporter of wool，coal 5 political：Parliament（the lower house and upper house）party（the Australia labor party，the liberal party of Australia）media：the age（世紀(jì)報）the Australia financial review（金融評論報）第五節(jié) the others1(New Zealand)1 Wellington as the capital，Auckland as the largest city, kiwi as the symbol，Lake taupe as the largest lake，Clutha the longest in S，Waikato庫魯薩河 and Wanganui 旺格努伊河river in N）2largest exporter of lamb and mutton and dairy products第二章 英美文學(xué)第一節(jié) 英國文學(xué)Ⅰ中古英國文學(xué)（4491066）general introduction ：8世紀(jì)（AngloSaxon prose）Venerable Bede and Alfred the great，15世紀(jì)（English ballads），Thomas Malory important literary terms：old English（language spoken by AngloSaxon），Romance 3important writers and literary works：Beowulf（oldest poem and most important specimen of AngloSaxon literature）Religious poets ：Caedmon（first known religious poet of England，the father of English song）Cynewulf（the Christ as most characteristic）Prose writers：venerable Bede and Alfred the greatThe romance ：sir Gawain and the green knightThe age of Chaucer：14 century called ‘a(chǎn)ge of Chaucer’，Chaucer（the father of English poetry and English fiction，the Canterbury tales）and Langland（朗蘭）were the most important writers in that ageThomas Malory（Morte d’ Arthur，亞瑟王之死）Ⅱ文藝復(fù)興時期文學(xué) 1general introduction，起源于意大利，維多利亞時代發(fā)展最快，代表是戲劇，lyrical poetry，這個時代的英國被稱為‘a(chǎn) nest of singing birds’important terms：Spenserian stanza（斯賓塞詩體）euphuism（夸飾文體）3 important writers and literary works： 1 English poets： Thomas Wyatt（懷亞特most interesting poet of the first half of 16世紀(jì)，第一個將sonnet 帶進英國文學(xué)）Henry Howardsir Philip Sidney（飛利浦西德尼爵士）Edmund spenser（埃蒙德斯賓塞，the poet’s poet，faerie Queen,仙后）2 English prose：Thomas more（托馬斯莫爾，Utopia 烏托邦）John lyly（約翰黎里，give rise to the term “euphuism” Francis bacon（弗朗西斯培根，the trumpeter of a new age，first essayist，most famous essay as of studies，of love and of beauty）English drama。Christopher Marlowe（克里斯弗洛馬洛，莎士比亞前最偉大的戲劇家，代表作有，the tragic history of doctor Faustus，浮士德博士的悲劇，第一個在戲劇中運用 blank verse）William Shakespeare(one of the founders of realism)除了著名的有：as you like it 皆大歡喜，the twelfth night 第十二夜, 4 Ben Johnson ：most famous dramatist，代表作是 【Volpone（狐貍）】 Ⅲ17世紀(jì)文學(xué) John Donne 約翰多恩：the founder of the metaphysical school，【a valedictorian：forbidding mourning 臨別辭:莫悲傷】 George Herbert：（saint of metaphysical school）3John Milton： greatest writer of 17 century【paradise lost】【paradise regained】【Samson Agonistes 力士參孫】John Bunyan 約翰班楊【the pilgrim’s progress 天路歷程】John Dryden 約翰德萊頓: greatest poet between Milton and Pope，established theheroic couplet，英雄史詩式兩行詩Ⅳ18世紀(jì)文學(xué)（主流是realism，neoclassicism 獲得了加速發(fā)展，enlightenment）1Neoclassicism：重要作家Alexander Pope（蒲柏）:representative writer of neoclassicism，18世紀(jì)早期被稱為‘a(chǎn)geof pope’【an essay on criticism論批評】【the rape of the lock 奪發(fā)記】【essay on man 論人類】Richard steele and Joseph Addison：【the tattler 閑談?wù)邎蟆俊総he spectator 旁觀者報】 Samuel Johnson：著書最多，死后葬在威斯敏特大教堂，著名的有【the dictionary of English language 英語字典】【the lives of English poets 詩人傳】 English novelists（有兩股學(xué)派： realist novelist and sentimentalist）1Realist novelist Daniel defoe ：丹尼爾笛福，father of English and European novels【Robinson Crusoe】 Jonathan Swift ：born in Dublin，【a modest proposal 一個小小的建議】【Gulliver’stravel】 Henry fielding 亨利菲爾??；greatest novelist in 18 century【the history of Tom Jones，a foundling】Tobias George Smollett 托利比亞 斯魔萊特 喬治 2SentimentalistSamuel RichardsonLawrence Sterne ：勞倫斯 斯特恩，【life and opinions of Tristram Shandy 項狄傳】 Oliver goldsmith 奧利弗戈德斯密斯【the deserted village 荒村】【the vicar of Wakefield 威克菲爾德的牧師】poetry of the preromanticism and sentimentalismJames