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20xx屆本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計-資料下載頁

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【導(dǎo)讀】作了注釋,若有不實,后果由本人承擔(dān)。1.“插入->引用->索引和目錄”;2.選擇“目錄”選項卡,同時注意勾選其中的“頁碼右對齊”;3.目錄還應(yīng)包含中英文摘要、參考文獻、致謝、附錄;命令,重新更新目錄。的問題和不足,并針對性地提出適合東極旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展的建議和設(shè)想。(宋體,加粗,五號。東極島;海島旅游;開發(fā);探析。要求:關(guān)鍵詞3--5個,中間用“;”間隔。字,居中;二級標(biāo)題,小四號字,前空2字符;三級-四級標(biāo)題和正文,五號字,

  

【正文】 uite narrow, perhaps relying on a few primary product exports and tourism. They are generally isolated from major markets, and many have small populations and thus, a small domestic market (Briguglioet al., 1996。 Milne, 1997). These limitations mean that they are often heavily dependent on aid and international trade. Economic development within small island states is often impeded by inadequate transportation links, lack of accessibility to sometimes remote locations, lack of appropriate skills among the local population and inadequate amounts of local capital (Harrison, 2020: 7). Such factors bine to mean that small island states have low resistance to external shocks including natural disasters, political upheavals and terrorism (Harrison2020: 7。 Hoti et al., 2020). Environmental vulnerabilities that were identi?ed included the threat of sea level rise, and the location of small islands in relationto phenomena, such as cyclones, hurricanes and seismic activity which can lead to tsunamis (Briguglio et al., 1996). Tourismbased construction was also shown to be amajor cause of beach erosion, siltation of lagoons and reef damage (McElroyamp。Albuquerque, 2020), and it became clear that tourismas an industry placed high demands on fresh water and energy sources, and enormous pressure on waste disposal systems (ThomasHope, 1998). 寧波大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)系列表格 4 These views about economic and environmental fragility have been mirrored at major international meetings where the wellbeing of small island states is discussed, from the United Nations Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States in Barbados (1994), through to the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (2020). Thus,at an Africa, Caribbean and Paci?c Heads of States meeting in Gabon in 1997, a Paci?c Island delegate titled their paper ‘Vulnerability: A Paci?c Reality’ (Tevi,1997). Now that we are in the ?rst decade of a new century, narratives of economicand environmental vulnerability continue and they have been entrenched to some extent by rising global concerns about climate change. Two events of 2020, the widespread circulation of Al Gore’s popular documentary ?lm, An Inconceivable Truth, and the release of the Stern Review (2020), were pivotal in reinvigorating concerns about humaninduced global warming and associated sea level rises on small island states. Geopolitical issues, which have never pletely dropped off the agenda of discussions on small island states since their prominence in the 1980s, have also been reignited in some areas. In the Paci?c Islands context, civil con?ict in the Solomon Islands, violent prodemocracy protests in Tonga and a coup in Fiji have occurred against the backdrop of discussions on ‘failed states’, with some mentators suggesting that outside intervention provides the only solution to these problems. Indeed, there has been much debate about the presence and powers of the Australianled RAMSI (Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands) forces in the Solomons (Dinnen, 2020). In the Indian Ocean too, the Maldivian government has faced increasing challenges from prodemocracy campaigners in recent years. An associated atmosphere of doubt has emerged concerning the abilities of small island states to lead selfdetermined, sustainable futures. While some governments of small island states have rejected the need for outside assistance in solving their problems, many others have actively played upon their vulnerabilities when negotiating aid or concessions from Western countries, regional anizations, international development anizations and the like. In particular, countries like Samoa and the Maldives that have ‘Least Developed Country’ status(see are not always keen to graduate from this status. This point leads on to the second part of this paper, which highlights problems associated with conceptualizations of small island states as being vulnerable and in need of external support. 寧波大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)系列表格 5 文獻翻譯 一 :譯文 小島嶼國家旅游:從 弱勢到強勢 對于 小島嶼國家的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展,旅游研究人員有太多的話要說。但是有趣的是,正如巴特勒指出( 1993 年),本研究是基于大 多數(shù)案例研究和出現(xiàn)了一個關(guān)于小島嶼國家的概念性研究缺乏。新興的壓倒一切的主題 在對小島嶼國家的文章是關(guān)于環(huán)境的敏感性問題,以及沉重的許多小島嶼國家的經(jīng)濟依賴于旅游業(yè)。這導(dǎo)致巴爾達基諾( 2020年: 27)建議,一些作家已經(jīng)采取了 39。宿命 39。的立場,坎普林( 2020:236)以詆毀 the39。in 建成悲觀的小島嶼國家的文學(xué)多 39。有一些 是 值得注意的努力,特別是在目前經(jīng)濟前景方面的看法 應(yīng)該 更積極一點,(例如見,阿姆斯特朗和了解, 2020 年,巴爾達基諾, 2020年 。東風(fēng)和卡拉伊, 1999),雖然這些主題提供了一個重要警 告,但在許多其他出版物,敘述脆弱性和依賴性是最重要的。小島嶼國家,這可能會看到一些旅游作為一種靈丹妙藥,以克服其經(jīng)濟問題的政府,他們也畫在這些國家進入了發(fā)展的可能性,有些片面的圖片。具體來說,他們忽略了小島嶼國家的潛力在全球經(jīng)濟中的圖表自己的道路,并提供自主期貨他們的人民。在這篇文章中,我們積極努力,以替代目前的假想( see2)小島嶼國家所揭露的另一面,即他們的長處。雖然它是非常困難的區(qū)域內(nèi)推廣,更使它們之間,我們已經(jīng)吸取島嶼發(fā)展經(jīng)驗,相信有顯著這些國家面臨的共同問題,在太平洋和印度洋和加勒比海。通過超越一 個地區(qū)來看,我們希望促進共同島之間,被稱為近代為各國學(xué)習(xí)類型(見斯凱爾頓, 2020: 138)。我們還建議,要以全面檢查,包括社會,環(huán)境和可持續(xù)發(fā)展是經(jīng)濟方面的需要,如果我們要充分理解雙方的約束和潛力,目前個別小島嶼國家。要經(jīng)常對小島嶼國家的話語未能實現(xiàn)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的突出問題(坎普林, 2020: 264)??沙掷m(xù)旅游群島和小國:問題和政策(布里古利奧等。, 1996),例如,所有的一章的重點,但只有在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟方面的問題。凈( 2020)正視文學(xué)批評的可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)的過度重視環(huán)境問題,而Berno( 2020)感嘆的討論有關(guān)旅游業(yè)的可持續(xù)性很少考慮社會,心理或文化層面。本文分為三個主要部分。首先,它一開始就在其中的小島嶼國家的概念已經(jīng)在最近的歷史 lised 主導(dǎo)方式的討論。其次,它注意到,與對小島嶼國家,而不是最少的方式,他們可能會破壞島內(nèi)民眾對自己能力的信心,以滿足他們的需要和 choose 什么方向的發(fā)展必須在未來主流的發(fā)展,說明有關(guān)的問題。第三,對 6 條重點小島嶼國家提供反駁的 39。主要優(yōu)勢悲觀派。 在對 小島嶼國家的傳統(tǒng) 理念 反思中, 其 國家已經(jīng)概念化,坎普林和羅薩莉確定了三個與過去三年 20 世紀( 2020: 117) 20年歷史的變化相吻合的方法。在 20世紀 70年代的小島嶼國家的寫作的靈感來自于 對 政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)批判,強調(diào)小島嶼發(fā)展中國家( SIDS)的經(jīng)濟脆弱性。旅游業(yè)因此被看作是新殖民主義(布里頓, 1982 年)剝削的形式,由外商獨資的進口貨物和服務(wù)的要求和遣返他們的利潤( Brohman 大型跨國公司的比例為特征的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟主導(dǎo)地位, 1996 年 。霍蒂等。, 2020 年 。波特, 1993)。此外,旅游業(yè)被指控的不平等關(guān)系永久的依賴和鼓勵不公平的社會經(jīng)濟和空間發(fā)展(米爾恩, 1997 年)。因此出現(xiàn)替代辦法,由一對小島嶼國家的社會經(jīng)濟 發(fā)展需要的重點特點。進口替代工業(yè)化被視為是減少經(jīng)濟依賴的方式,敦促各國政府確保以人為本的發(fā)展正在發(fā)生,例如通過,足夠的投資在衛(wèi)生和教育(坎普林和羅莎莉, 2020年)。 20 世紀 80年代,坎普林和羅莎莉( 2020)建議,在做法上看到了實實在在的變化,其擺脫了對更多新自由主義與以出口為導(dǎo)向的生產(chǎn)集中在20 世紀 70 年代的思想接受結(jié)構(gòu)主義批評。阿對新自由主義的政策轉(zhuǎn)變是顯而易見的太平洋島嶼 和許多加勒比國家在此期間( Mandle, 1996 年,在自由貿(mào)易環(huán)境日益穆雷, 2020)。,人們清楚地看到島嶼國家再也不能依賴價格 保證市場或為他們的傳統(tǒng)出口收入,初級產(chǎn)品,因此,許多島嶼國家尋求在旅游部門的增長。 20 世紀 80 年代還出現(xiàn)了地緣政治安全的高度重視。島嶼國家被視為占據(jù)重要的戰(zhàn)略地位
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