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public discussion。 and this sweeping power is unrestrained by any law. It determines what people will talk about and think about——an authority that in other nations is reserved for tyrants, priests, parties, and mandarins. Media Power Theodore White. The Making of the President,1972 Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 他們既是政治游戲中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,又是裁判員。 美國(guó)媒體的權(quán)力是原初的權(quán)力。它設(shè)定公眾討論的議程; 這種廣泛的權(quán)力不受任何法律的制約。 它還決定人們將要討論和思考的問(wèn)題 —— 就是在其他國(guó)家里由暴君、 牧師、政治黨派和官吏所掌握的權(quán)力。 傳 媒 權(quán) 力 西奧多爾 懷特: 《 總統(tǒng)是怎樣煉成的 》 , 1972 Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 Media power is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of people: the editors, producers, anchors, reporters, and columnists of the leading television works (ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, and CNN) and the prestigious press (New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, Time, and . News and World Report). Media Power Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 大眾傳媒的權(quán)力集中在相當(dāng)少的人手中:編輯、制片人、主播、 記者、主要電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)( ABC— 美國(guó)廣播公司、 CBS— 哥倫比亞廣播公司、 NBC— 全國(guó)廣播公司、 FOX— ??怂箯V播公司、及 CNN— 美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng))以及 重要報(bào)刊( 《 紐約時(shí)報(bào) 》 、 《 華盛頓郵報(bào) 》 、 《 華爾街雜志 》 、 《 新聞周刊 》 、 《 時(shí)代周刊 》 、 《 美國(guó)新聞 》 和 《 世界報(bào)道 》 ) 的專(zhuān)欄作家手中。 傳媒權(quán)力 Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 Newsmaking involves allimportant decisions about what is “news” and who is “newsworthy.” 新聞制作包括所有重要的決策:什么是“新聞” 和誰(shuí)是具有“新聞價(jià)值”的人物等。 Newsmaking 新聞制作 Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 In exercising their judgment regarding which stories should be given television time or newspaper space, the media executives must rely on their own political values and economic interests as guidelines. The principal source of distortion in the news is caused by the need for drama, action, and confrontation to hold audience attention. Race, sex, violence, and corruption in government are favorite topics because of popular interest. Media Bias Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 媒體的主管人員在決定什么事情可以占用電視時(shí)間或在 報(bào)紙上登載的時(shí)候,他們會(huì)依據(jù)自己的政治價(jià)值觀和 經(jīng)濟(jì)利益作為指導(dǎo)原則。 歪曲新聞現(xiàn)象的主要原因是追求戲劇性的效果以及要抓住 觀眾的注意力而面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。 種族、性別、暴利,以及政府中的腐敗都是受歡迎的主題, 因?yàn)榇蟊妼?duì)它們感興趣。 媒體的偏見(jiàn) Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 Media Effects Changing the behavior of voters and decision makers. Influencing attitudes and values toward policy issues. Identifying issues and setting the agenda for policymakers. Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion: The Mass Media 議程設(shè)定與輿論動(dòng)員:大眾傳媒 Policy formulation is the development of policy alternatives for dealing with problems on the public agenda. Influential Think Tanks The Brookings Institution The American Enterprise Institute The Heritage Foundation The council on Foreign Relations Formulating Policy (政策形成) 政策形成是指為解決提上公共議程的問(wèn)題而對(duì)備選政策 方案進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)。 最有影響 的 智囊團(tuán) 布魯金斯研究所 美國(guó)企業(yè)研究所 遺產(chǎn)基金會(huì) 外交關(guān)系委員會(huì) Formulating Policy (政策形成) The Brookings Institution has long been the dominant policy planning group for American domestic policy. The Brookings Institution has been very influential in planning the War on Poverty, welfare reform, national defense, and taxing and spending policies. The Brookings Institution Formulating Policy (政策形成) 布魯金斯研究所一直是美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)政策的主要政策策劃組織。 布魯金斯研究所在規(guī)劃反貧困斗爭(zhēng)、福利改革、國(guó)防、稅收 和支出等方面的政策過(guò)程中,一直非常有影響力。 布魯金斯研究所 Formulating Policy (政策形成) The AEI appeals to both Democrats and Republicans who have doubts about big government. In confronting societal problems those who tend to gravitate to the AEI orbit would be inclined to look first for a market solution …while the other orbit people have a tendency to look for a government solution. The American Enterprise Institute Formulating Policy (政策形成) William Baroody, Jr. 美國(guó)企業(yè)研究所對(duì)民主黨人和共和黨人都具有吸引力, 因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)大政府持有懷疑態(tài)度。 在面臨社會(huì)問(wèn)題時(shí),那些向美國(guó)企業(yè)研究所求助的人, 傾向于首先尋求市場(chǎng)的方式來(lái)解決問(wèn)題,而向布魯金斯研究所 救助的人則傾向于用政府的辦法來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。 美國(guó)企業(yè)研究所 Formulating Policy (政策形成) 小威廉 巴魯?shù)? Conservative ideologues have never been wele in the Washington establishment. So they set about the task of “building a solid institutional base” and “establishing a reputation for reliable scholarship and creative problem solving.” The result of their efforts was the Heritage Foundation. The Heritage Foundation Formulating Policy (政策形成) 保守主義的思想家從來(lái)沒(méi)有受到華盛頓政府的歡迎。 因此,他們確立了 “建立一個(gè)牢固的制度基礎(chǔ) ”,以及 “確立值得信賴的學(xué)術(shù)威信與創(chuàng)造性地解決問(wèn)題的聲望 ”的 任務(wù)。他們努力的結(jié)果是促成了遺產(chǎn)基金會(huì)的建立。 遺產(chǎn)基金會(huì) Formulating Policy (政策形成) Lester Milbraith. Interest Groups in Foreign Policy The Council on Foreign Relations, while not financed by government, works so closely with it that it is difficult to distinguish Council actions stimulated by government from autonomous actions. The Council on Foreign Relations Formulating Policy (政策形成) 萊斯特 米爾布雷斯: 《 外交政策中的利益團(tuán)體 》 外交關(guān)系委員會(huì)雖然不是由政府財(cái)政支持的,卻與政府的 工作關(guān)系十分密切,很難區(qū)分委員會(huì)的主動(dòng)行為與其在政府 推動(dòng)下做出的行為。 外交關(guān)系委員會(huì) Formulating Policy (政策形成) Direct Lobbying PACs Interpersonal contracts Through the Court system Grassroots mobilization The ways of interest groups to influence government Interest Groups and Policymaking (利益集團(tuán)與政策制定) Washington is awash in special interest groups, lawyers and law firms, lobbyists, and influence peddlers. Interest groups are active in both policy formulation and policy legitimating. 直接游說(shuō) 通過(guò)政治行動(dòng)委員會(huì) 人際接觸 通過(guò)法院系統(tǒng) 動(dòng)員草根組織 利益集團(tuán) 影響政府 的途徑 Interest Groups and Policymaking (利益集團(tuán)與政策制定) 華盛頓處于特殊利益集團(tuán)、律師與法律事務(wù)所、游說(shuō)者、有影響力的傳媒的包圍之中。利益集團(tuán)在政策形成與政策合法化方面都是有積極行動(dòng)的。 Table 33 Washi