【正文】 subsystems. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 54 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Even so, problems remain. There are many instances of failures due to this sort of inplete approach. Just simply connecting together individual subsystems often does not result in a system that performs acceptably, either from a technological efficiency perspective or from an effectiveness perspective. This has led to the realization that systems integration engineering and systems management throughout an entire system life cycle will be necessary. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 55 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Thus, contemporary efforts in systems engineering contain a focus on tools and methods, on the systems methodology for definition, development, and deployment that enables appropriate use of these tools, and on the systems management approaches that enable the embedding of systems engineering product and process development approaches within anizations and environments, such as to support the application of the principles of the physical and material sciences for the betterment of humankind. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 56 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Now let39。s return to history again to understand how the stored program digital puter propelled the emergence of systems engineering. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 57 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Sometime around the middle of the twentieth century, the use of a new type of machine became widespread. This new machine, the stored program digital puter, was fundamentally different, in many ways, from the usual bination of motors, gears, pulleys, and other physical ponents that assisted humans, perhaps in an automated fashion, in performing physical tasks such as pulling, or even flying. While this machine could assist in performing functions associated with physical tasks, such as puting the optimal trajectory for an aircraft to move between two locations with minimum energy consumption and cost, it could also assist humans in a number of primarily cognitive tasks such as planning, resource allocation, and decision making. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 58 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT It is doubtlessly correct to say that the modern stored program digital puter is a product of the physical and material sciences. The internal ponents of this new machine surely are products of the physical and material sciences. But it is also important to note here that the digital puter is intended, from a purposeful viewpoint, to be used to provide assistance to efforts that can be more efficiently and effectively achieved through more appropriate use of information and knowledge technologies. Systems engineering enables this in an anized framework, and thus provides a very necessary basis for the development of plex systems of humans and machines. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 59 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Thus, the purpose of the digital puter is much more cognitive and intellectual support than it is physical support. The puter is an information machine, a knowledge support machine, and a cognitive support machine. It has led to the growth of a new engineering area of endeavor, which involves information and knowledge technology. This new professional area is broadly concerned with efforts whose structure, function, and purpose are associated with the acquisition, representation, storage, transmission, and use of data that is of value for typically cognitive support, but which often results in some sort of ultimate physical effort and human supervisory control of this. There are many contemporary illustrations of this support. They enpass such applications as military mand and control systems, flight control and guidance systems for aircraft, and very sophisticated financial accounting support systems. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 60 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ? Associated with this are a plethora of information technology products and services that have the potential to profoundly affect the lives of each of us. Clearly this is happening now, and the rate at which these changes will occur is surely going to accelerate. Information technology products and services based on puters and munications, such as telemunications, mand and control, automated manufacturing, electronic mail, and office automation, are mon words today. Computer and munications aided everything, especially with the merger and integration of puter and munications technologies, will perhaps be a mon term tomorrow. 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 61 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT The results could be truly exciting: ? electronic access to libraries and shopping services。 ? individualized and personalized systems of interactive instruction。 ? individualized design of aids to the disabled and handicapped。 ? prediction and planning in business, agriculture, health, and education。 ? support to knowledge workers in a number of new and classic enterprises. Most of these involve the integration of the information technologies of puters and munications through use of systems engineering approaches for the development of processes and products. This has led to a fundamental change in the way in which systems engineering is acplished. Some now call the field puteraided systems engineering 上午 4時 11分 2022 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 62 HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Thus, we see that the physical and material science basis for engineering and technology is now augmented by an information science basis made possible primarily through the develop