【正文】 ck, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定詞綴less.216。 因果n 明顯因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.n 隱含因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯:a. 表示導(dǎo)致含義: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役動(dòng)詞, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.b. 由……而來: e from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to.c. 反映,體現(xiàn): reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.d. 考慮到…, 依賴…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to.e. 條件關(guān)系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虛擬條件句.f. 粉刺短語\不定式\獨(dú)立主格作狀語216。 比較n 明顯比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯: 同級(jí)比較\比較級(jí)n 隱含比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯: a. “變化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still.b. “差異”: same, different.c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.216。 最高級(jí)\絕對(duì)化n 明顯最高級(jí)/絕對(duì)化關(guān)系的特色詞匯: est/ 比較級(jí)n 隱含最高級(jí)\絕對(duì)化關(guān)系的特色詞匯:a. 自身含有最高級(jí)含義: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme.b. 否定加比較: nothing can better than thatc. 程度較深的詞: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修飾價(jià)格的high)The Civil WarInvolvement in a war is painful to any nation. No nations wants to sent it’s young people to fight and die. It is even worse when the war is fought within the country, but worst of all is when a country finds itself divided, and people of the same nation fight each other. In America’s history, the most painful period is surely the Civil War. The civil war was fought for many plex reasons. Probably the most important was the issue of slavery. The Southern states, dependent on slaves for producing cotton, wanted to continue the practice of slavery while the industrialized Northern states wanted to abolish it. The issue of “States’ Right”, the right of individual states to make laws without interference from the national government, was also very divisive. There were even basic cutural differences which caused friction between Notherners and Southerners. (1) All of these factors led to a war between the North and South which would be the bloodiest in the nation’s history. Both sides suffered terribly in the war. Families were torn apart as fathers, sons, and brothers chose different sides. Hundreds of thousands of young men died on both sides. The city of Atlanta was burned to the ground. Foutune were ruined and the economy of the Southern states was wrecked. (2) The people on both sides suffered, and that suffering was worse because it was inflicted by people who had been their countrymen, and even their brothers. Shortly after the war, a bitter Southerner assassinated the beloved president Abraham Lincoln.After four bloody, terrible years, the North won the war and the country was reunited. The slaves were freed and the nation set about rebuilding. Historians will always argue whether or not the Civil War could have been avoided. And what it’s long term benefits have been. (3) there can be no argument, however, that the Civil War was the most painful period in American’s history.Question 1: Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 1 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) There are many reasons for the war in which more people died than any other war.(B) During the war, there are more casualties in the south and north than in the east and west.(C) The only one reason contributed to the war which is the worst in the world history.(D) Many people died because of lack of blood transfusion which led to a war.Question 2:Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 2 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) If the war had not been with their brothers, there would have been no pain.(B) If the war had not taken place in the countryside, there would have been less pain.(C) If the war had been with other nations, the results would have been worse.(D) If the war had not been with the same race, the pain would have been much less.Question 3:Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 3 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Discussing the matter is worthless to everybody.(B) The vast majority of people accept the statement of fact.(C) It is impossible to hold a diffierent opinion.(D) It is illegal to hold a different opinion.8. 句子插入題 (Insert Text Question)(1) 句子插入題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第29~30頁.(2) 句子插入過程的邏輯鏈1) 明確邏輯鏈: 連接關(guān)系體現(xiàn)(OG)2) 語義場連接: 重復(fù)信息和指代關(guān)系.生硬連接: 關(guān)聯(lián)詞自然連接: 語義場重復(fù)指代(Prose Summary Question)(1) 文章小結(jié)題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第32頁(2) 文章小結(jié)題解答a. 優(yōu)先考慮筆記中結(jié)構(gòu)主體的內(nèi)容b. 充分利用已經(jīng)完成的題目信息c. 根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行定位判斷d. 所選答案應(yīng)在原文中找出明確依據(jù)e. 直選和排除相結(jié)合10. 完成表格題 (Fill in The Table Question)(1) 完成表格題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第35頁(2) 完成表格題的解答a. 優(yōu)先考慮筆記中的分類信息b. 其次考慮筆記中的結(jié)構(gòu)主體c. 充分利用已完成的題目信息d. 根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行定位判斷e. 直選和排除結(jié)合.:閱讀理解的三個(gè)層次：１．不僅理解一個(gè)詞的字面含義，還要理解它在目標(biāo)語言中的最準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)方式２．由精確輸入通過邏輯得到模糊的輸出３．透過詞的字面含義看到它所隱藏的邏輯關(guān)系復(fù)習(xí)要求：做９５～２００５老托福真題１．快速筆記，完成題目２．處理生詞，精讀句子３．劃分意群，模糊理解４．歸納層次，總結(jié)要求閱讀和聽力可以共享題材