【正文】 had more than 15,000 inhabitants ?Until the middle of the 19th century, the center of the city was the most fashionable place to live. Merchants, lawyers and manufacturers built substantial townhouses on the main thoroughfares within walking distance of the docks , warehouse , offices courts and shops where they worked. Poor people lived in dark alleys and courtyards of the central city. ?Markets, shops, taverns and concert halls provided services and entertainment. The middle classes lived a little farther from the center, and other poor people lived in the suburbs. ?Cities were densely populated, as people had to live within walking distance of work and shops. Streets were narrow, just wide enough to acmodate pedestrians and wagon ?The Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th century transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs , along with technological innovation in transportation and housing construction , encouraged migration to cities. ?Immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories. Now the rich lived in the suburbs and the poor near the center of cities ?If you love him, bring him to New York, because it is a heaven ?If you hate him, bring him to New York, because it is a hell Read Passage 34 Topic 6 Biology (生物學 ) Zoology 動物學 phylum 門 class 綱 order 目 family 科 genus 屬 species 種 ? invertebrate無脊椎動物 ? vertebrate脊椎動物 ? rodent嚙齒動物 ? primate靈長動物 ? ? carnivore食肉動物 ? herbivore食草動物 ? omnivore雜食動物 ? scavenger食腐動物 ? reptile 爬行動物 ? amphibian 兩棲 (類 ) ? lizard蜥蜴 chameleon變色龍 ? frog青蛙 tadpole蝌蚪 ? mammal 哺乳動物 ? antelope羚羊 otter水獺 ? gorilla大猩猩 chimpanzee黑猩猩 ? baboon狒狒 ape 猿 ? giraffe長頸鹿 rhinoceros犀牛 ? hippo河馬 sloth樹懶 ? Solitary animal 獨居 ? bear , frog , tiger ? Social animal群居 ? ant, bee, chimpanzee ? Migrate animal遷徙 ? butterfly, locust , crane ?mutation變種 ?variation變異 ?biodiversity生物多樣性 ?peculiarity 特性 botany植物學 cell tissue an system ?parasite plant寄生植物 ?A parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant. About 4,100 species in approximately 19 families of flowering plants are known. Parasitic plants have a modified root, the haustorium, that perates the host plant lawn草坪 meadow牧場 prairie大草原 mosses苔蘚 shrub / bush灌木 ? canopy樹冠層 /頂棚 ? foliage / leaf葉 stem莖 ? sprout嫩芽 /抽枝 trunk樹干 ? twig小樹枝 jungle叢林 ? flower花 blossom花 ? bud花蕾 petal花瓣 ? pollen花粉 pollinate傳授花粉 pine 松樹 （ Hard needle pine） sequoia紅杉 spruce云杉 plum blossom梅花 orchid蘭花 water lily荷花 /蓮花 photosynthesis光合作用 chlorophyll 葉綠素 Origin of Species ? survival of the fittest適者生存 ?animal adaptation動物適應性 ?game animal: 狩獵動物 ?predator 捕獵者 ?prey被捕獵的動物 ?adapt to/adjust to 適應 ?mimicry擬態(tài) camouflage偽裝 ? Evolutionary theory ?In biology, evolution is the change in the geic material of a population of anisms from one generation to the next. Though the changes produced in any one generation are small, differences accumulate with each generation and can, over time, cause substantial changes in the anisms. Read Passage 95 Topic 7 astronomy (天文學 ) ?cosmos / universe宇宙 ?astronomy天文學 ?astronomical observatory天文臺 ?astronaut / spaceman宇航員 ?celestial天體的 ?celestial body / heavenly body天體 ?celestial sphere天球 ?rotation rotate 自傳 ?revolution revolve 公轉 ? asteroid小行星 ? nebula星云 ? et彗星 ? meteorite隕石 ? star恒星 ?stellar恒星的 ? pla行星 ? satellite衛(wèi)星 ?galaxy / Milky Way銀河系 ?Solar System ? solar 太陽的 ? lunar 月亮的 Mercury 水星 Venus 金星 Mars 火星 Earth 地球 Saturn 土星 Jupiter 木星 Uranus天王星 Neptune 海王星 Pluto冥王星 molecule atom proton neutron ion particle photon electron 中子 粒子 電子 分子 光子 原子 離子 質子 Read Passage 81 Topic 8 archeology (考古學 ) archaeology考古學 Archaeologist考古學家 paleontology古生物學 ?paleontologist anthropology人類學 ?anthropologist ?Archaeology, archeology, is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. ?Due to its analysis of human cultures, it is a subset of anthropology. ? Paleontology (palaeontology) is the study of prehistoric life, including anisms39。 evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). ? As a historical science it tries to explain causes rather than conduct experiments to observe effects. Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. ? Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, and shares with archeology a border that is difficult to define. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics and engineering. ? Anthropology ?One traditional approach to simplifying such a vast enterprise has been to divide anthropology into four fields, each with its