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研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程(下)unit--資料下載頁(yè)

2025-08-15 23:19本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 ) C. promise (n.) 2. A. succeeded (v.) B. succession (n.) C. succeed (v.) 3. A. pact (adj.) B. pact (adj) C. pactness (n.) 4. A. stable (adj.) B. stable (n.) C. stability (n.) 5. A. nerves (n.) B. nerved (v.) C. nerve (n.) Fill in each blank with an appropriate form of the word given, and identify its meaning. (P240) Reading More – Vocabulary in Action 6. A. encounter (v.) B. encounter (n.) C. encounter (n.) 7. A. repelled (v.) B. repellent (adj.) C. repelled (adj.) 8. A. pulsive (adj.) B. pulsion (n.) C. pulsory (adj.) 9. A. alcoholic (n.) B. alcohol (n.) C. alcoholic (adj.) 10. A. instruction (n.) B. instructing (adj.) C. instructions (n.) ? Key 1 2 3 4 Read the following sentences and decide which of the italicized words fits each of the sentences best. (P241) obsessed stationary clue restless Reading Focus – Vocabulary in Action Task 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 intellectual pressed raising removed succession dispel Practical Translation 科技英語(yǔ)是用來(lái)陳述 自然界、科技界 所發(fā)生或出現(xiàn)的事情,描述其規(guī)律、特點(diǎn)、過(guò)程等的語(yǔ)言,多采用 客觀性 的描述方式,要求 概念準(zhǔn)確、判斷嚴(yán)密、推理周密、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。 它在詞法、語(yǔ)法、句法和修辭角度上都體現(xiàn)出自己的特點(diǎn) : 科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯 ,科技英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言的簡(jiǎn)練和專(zhuān)業(yè)性,大量使用復(fù)合詞、縮略語(yǔ)和屬于某一專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)化詞匯。 1) Space technology should be bined with civilian life to develop various hightech products. 譯文:要將航天技術(shù)與民用生活相結(jié)合,開(kāi)發(fā)出多種高科技含量的產(chǎn)品。 2) DNA has a double helix structure, which was discovered by Francis Crick and James Watson in the Cavendish lab at Cambridge in 1953. 譯文: DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)的雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)是由弗朗西斯 克里克和詹姆斯 沃森于 1953年在劍橋的卡文迪許實(shí)驗(yàn)室里發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 解析: 例 1) 中,原語(yǔ)為了語(yǔ)言的簡(jiǎn)練, hightechnological 縮略成了 hightech。在目標(biāo)語(yǔ)中,為了強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí),原文的被動(dòng)句譯成了漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句,符合漢語(yǔ)的句式特點(diǎn)。 例 2) 中, DNA 是專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯, lab 是 laboratory 的縮略語(yǔ),為了讓目標(biāo)讀者看懂,在譯文中, DNA 要譯出完整的意思,而且被動(dòng)句譯成了漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句,使行文更流暢。 2. 從語(yǔ)法方面看,名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)( nominalization)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用得較多;使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w要求行文簡(jiǎn)潔、表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容確切、信息量大,強(qiáng)調(diào)已存在的事實(shí),而非某一行為。運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是因?yàn)榭萍嘉恼聜?cè)重?cái)⑹峦评?,?qiáng)調(diào)客觀準(zhǔn)確性。第一、二人稱(chēng)使用過(guò)多,會(huì)造成主觀臆斷的印象,因此盡量使用第三人稱(chēng)敘述,采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 3) The greatest source of worry at the moment is the disposal of radioactive wastes. Until now these wastes have been packed in containers and buried in remote areas or dumped in the ocean. 譯文: 現(xiàn)在最令人擔(dān)心的問(wèn)題是放射性廢物的處理,到目前為止,這些廢物是用容器裝好,埋在邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)或沉入海里。 4) The blood sugar level represents a balance between the amount of carbohydrate ingested or formed from protein and lipid, on the other hand, and the storage or utilization of carbohydrate, on the other. 譯文: 攝入的或由蛋白質(zhì)及脂肪轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的糖類(lèi)與體內(nèi)糖類(lèi)貯存或利用這兩者之間的數(shù)量平衡,便是血糖水平的標(biāo)志。 解析: 例 3) 和例 4) 的兩個(gè)句子都符合科技英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)。為了表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容確切,兩個(gè)句子都用了一些名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的詞匯,如例 3) 的 source of worry, disposal,例 4) 的balance, storage, utilization。為了避免造成主觀推理和臆斷,強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí),兩個(gè)句子都采用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。而科技漢語(yǔ)最明顯的特點(diǎn)是多用無(wú)主句,語(yǔ)言平實(shí),多采用客觀性描述方法,因此例 3) 的譯文采用了直譯的翻譯方法,翻譯出了原文的內(nèi)容,語(yǔ)言平實(shí)、客觀。例 4) 譯文中,為了符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)處理成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句,而且英語(yǔ)句子多采用重心前置式,但漢語(yǔ)句子應(yīng)采取重心后置式,因此在譯文中,把“血糖水平的標(biāo)志”放在句子最后,從前面的分析出發(fā),最后形成一個(gè)結(jié)論,句子結(jié)構(gòu)銜接、連貫、合理。 3. 在句法上,科技英語(yǔ)使用大量的長(zhǎng)句和復(fù)雜句,修飾、限定及附加成分多;注重銜接和連貫,注重邏輯的嚴(yán)密,以達(dá)到句子連貫、行文流暢的目的。 5) We do not realize how much we depend on the earth’s gravity until we are deprived of it, when our feet no longer stay on the ground, we float around in the air and the slightest touch may send us drifting off in the opposite direction. 譯文:我們只有在失去地球引力的時(shí)候,才意識(shí)到它對(duì)我們是多么的必不可少。那時(shí)候,我們將無(wú)法立足于地面,全都漂浮在半空中,哪怕是被輕輕一碰,我們都會(huì)朝著相反的方向飄移。 6) Aluminum remained unknown until the 19th century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being bined with other elements, most monly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 譯文:鋁總是和其他元素結(jié)合在一起,因?yàn)殇X對(duì)氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力,最常見(jiàn)的就是和氧結(jié)合在一起。因此,在自然界任何地方都找不到處于游離狀態(tài)的鋁。由于這個(gè)原因,直到 19 世紀(jì),鋁才為人們所知。 解析: 例 5) 和例 6) 都是典型的英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句和復(fù)雜句。為使句子邏輯嚴(yán)密、銜接連貫,在主干結(jié)構(gòu) SV(主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ))之外,添加了很多修飾、限定和附加的成分。例 5) 中有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句。例 6) 中有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句。為了符合漢語(yǔ)行文的習(xí)慣,譯文作了兩個(gè)方面的調(diào)整。一是英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句,按照時(shí)間先后,按照先因后果的關(guān)系,切分成了漢語(yǔ)的兩個(gè)短句,句子短小,意思清楚,陳述客觀合理,漢語(yǔ)句子的 “ 意合 ” 特征也更明顯。而且,漢語(yǔ)句子重心后置式的特點(diǎn)在例 6) 中得到了最好的體現(xiàn),英語(yǔ)原文中的重心 Aluminum remained unknown 出現(xiàn)在 句子開(kāi)頭,而在譯文中,它被放在句子末尾,句式更加連貫、銜接和地道。 1. The heart is about the size of a fist, weighs about 911 ounces and is placed snugly between the lungs, a little more to the left than to the right. 2. The successful launching of China’s first experimental munication satellite, which was propelled by a threestage rocket and has been in operation ever since, indicates that our nation has entered a new stage in the development of carrier rockets and electronics. 3. Since the joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine, and the primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition, it is important to show up the actual deformation of piston and for this purpose the finite element has been widely applied to analyze it numerically in China. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Translation for Reference: 1. 心臟約有一只拳頭那么大,重約 9到 11盎司,位于兩肺之間,略偏于左方。 2. 中國(guó)已成功發(fā)射了第一顆試驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星。這顆衛(wèi)星是由三級(jí)火箭推動(dòng)的,一直運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。它標(biāo)志著我國(guó)在發(fā)展運(yùn)載工具和電子技術(shù)方面進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新階段。 3. 活塞與氣缸的配合間隙,對(duì)于電動(dòng)機(jī)的使用壽命有很大影響,影響配合間隙的主要因素是活塞在工作狀態(tài)下的變形。真實(shí)反映活塞變形情況非常重要,國(guó)內(nèi)已廣泛采用有限元法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。 Memos Focused Writing Memo (short for memorandum) writing is something of an art form. A letter is not a memo, nor is a memo a letter. Memos vary in large measure in formality and plexity and have quite wide applications for both internal and external munication. Companies use memos to announce policies, spread information, delegate responsibilities, instruct employees, and report the findings of a research or an investigation. Companies also rely on memos to keep employees informed about pany goals, to persuade employees to
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