【正文】 called causal prophylaxis . Measures will be adopted for etiological factor (risk factors) when diseases do not happen and it is also basic measures of prophylaxis and eliminating of diseases. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 72 （ 2）基本原則 （ basic principle） ? 適量運(yùn)動 ? 戒煙限酒 ? 合理膳食 ? 心理平衡 appropriate amount of movement Smoking Cessation and limit of alcohol rational diet psychological equilibrium Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 73 （ 3）內(nèi)容 （ content） ? 健康促進(jìn) ? 健康保護(hù) Promoting of health Protection of health Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 74 ① 健康促進(jìn) （ Promoting of health） 定義： 通過創(chuàng)造促進(jìn)健康的環(huán)境使人們避免或減少對致病因子的暴露，改變機(jī)體的易感性，保護(hù)健康人免于發(fā)病 definition ： People are kept from or grown downwards to expose to causative agent by creating the environment of promoting of health at the same time change the susceptibility and protect health people from diseases. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 75 形式 （ Forms） ? 健康教育 ? 自我保健 ? 環(huán)境保護(hù)和監(jiān)測 health education self health care environment protection and surveillance Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 76 ② 健康保護(hù) (health protection) 對有明確病因（危險(xiǎn)因素）或具備特異預(yù)防手段的疾病所采取的措施，在預(yù)防和消除病因上起主要作用 Measures carried out for diseases that have identify cause of disease and specific protection means play a principal role in protecting and eliminating the cause of diseases. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 77 （ 4）雙向策略 （ bilateral policy） 定義 ： 對整個(gè)人群的普遍預(yù)防和對高危人群的重點(diǎn)預(yù)防結(jié)合起來，二者相互補(bǔ)充，可以提高效率 ? Definition： General protection for the whole people and intensive protection for high risk of people are bined. the two facets can plement at the same time the efficiency are raised. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 78 ? 前者稱為全人群策略 ? 后者稱為高危策略 the former is called whole population strategies the later is called high risk of strategy Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 79 目的 Purpose ? 全人群策略旨在降低整個(gè)人群對疾病危險(xiǎn)因素的暴露水平，它是通過健康促進(jìn)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 ? The aim of crowd policy is that make the whole population to decrease the exposal level of risk factors of disease Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 80 ? 高危策略旨在消除具有某些疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素人群的特殊暴露，它是通過健康保護(hù)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 ? the aim of high risk of policy is that eliminate the special exposal to risk factor of some disease by health protection. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 81 方法 （ Methods） ? 普查 ? 篩檢 ? 定期健康檢查 ? 設(shè)立專門的防治機(jī)構(gòu) ? Census ? Screening ? Regular health examination ? Set up special prophylactictherapy institutes Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 82 二級預(yù)防 （ secondary prevention） ? 定義 ： 又稱 “ 三早 ” 預(yù)防，即早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早治療，是防止或減緩疾病發(fā)展采取的措施。 Definition ： to discover early and diagnose early and treat early is the measure that prevent and slow down the development of disease. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 83 三級預(yù)防 （ tertiary prevention ） 又稱臨床預(yù)防。三級預(yù)防可以防止傷殘和促進(jìn)功能恢復(fù)，提高生存質(zhì)量，延長壽命，降低病死率。主要是對癥治療和康復(fù)治療措施。 It also called clinic prophylaxis that can prevent disability and promote recovery of function and increase survival quality and prolong lifetime and decrease fatality rate. it is mainly consist of symptomatic treatment convalescent care. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 84 三級預(yù)防與疾病自然史的關(guān)系 Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 85 哥倫比亞的社區(qū)預(yù)防 Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 86 第五節(jié) 疾病監(jiān)測 （ disease surveillance ） 一 疾病監(jiān)測的定義 二 疾病監(jiān)測的種類 三 疾病監(jiān)測的幾個(gè)概念 四 疾病監(jiān)測的內(nèi)容和方法 ? definition of disease surveillance ? category of disease surveillance ? concepts of disease surveillance ? contents and methods of disease surveillance Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 87 五 疾病監(jiān)測系統(tǒng) 六 信息技術(shù)在監(jiān)測中的應(yīng)用 七 行為學(xué)監(jiān)測和二代監(jiān)測 ? disease surveillance system ? information technology of application in the surveillance ? ethological surveillance and bibasic surveillance Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 88 一 疾病監(jiān)測的定義 definition of disease surveillance 長期、連續(xù)、系統(tǒng)地收集疾病的動態(tài)分布及其影響因素的資料，經(jīng)過分析將信息上報(bào)和反饋，傳達(dá)給所有應(yīng)當(dāng)知道的人，以便及時(shí)采取干預(yù)措施并評價(jià)其效果 Data about dynamic distribution and risk factor of disease are collected. Then the analysis of the data are reported and feedback municated to the people who should know the results so that we can adopt the measures of interference and evaluate the effect. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 89 二 疾病監(jiān)測的種類 The category of the disease surveillance 傳染病監(jiān)測 （ contagious disease surveillance ） Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 90 ? 世界衛(wèi)生組織將 瘧疾、流行性感冒、脊髓灰質(zhì)炎、流行性斑疹傷寒和回歸熱 為國際監(jiān)測的傳染病。 ? the WTO classified the malaria, influenza, poliomyelitis, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever as international contagious disease surveillance. Department of Epidemiology Public Health College of Harbin Medical University 91 ?我國根據(jù)具體情況又增加了 登革熱 ，我國衛(wèi)生部已把